GliderWiki - User contributions [en]

Biak Glider

2014-10-05T18:30:07Z

WikiAdmin: WikiAdmin moved page Biak Glider to Biak glider

#REDIRECT [[Biak glider]]

Biak glider

2014-10-05T18:30:04Z

WikiAdmin: WikiAdmin moved page Biak Glider to Biak glider

{{Taxobox
| name = Biak Glider<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves | pages = 55}}</ref>
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Leary, T., Wright, D., Hamilton, S., Singadan, R., Menzies, J., Bonaccorso, F., Salas, L., Dickman, C. & Helgen, K.|year=2008|id=16732|title=Petaurus biacensis|downloaded=28 December 2008}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern </ref>
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammalia]]
| ordo = [[Diprotodontia]]
| familia = [[Petauridae]]
| genus = ''[[Petaurus]]''
| species = '''''P. biacensis'''''
| binomial = ''Petaurus biacensis''
| binomial_authority = Ulmer, 1940
| synonyms =
| range_map = Biak Glider area.png
| range_map_caption = Biak Glider range
}}

The '''Biak Glider''' (''Petaurus biacensis'') is a [[species]] of [[marsupial]] in the [[Petauridae]] family. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Schouten Islands]] in [[West Papua (region)|West Papua]] of [[Indonesia]].<ref name=iucn/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Diprotodontia|P.1}}
{{Diprotodont-stub}}

[[Category:Gliding possums]]

File:Yellow-bellied Glider.JPG

2014-10-05T18:28:37Z

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File:Biak Glider area.png

2014-10-05T18:26:03Z

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File:Petaurus australis.jpg

2014-10-05T18:24:30Z

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Northern Glider

2014-10-05T18:23:30Z

WikiAdmin: WikiAdmin moved page Northern Glider to Northern glider

#REDIRECT [[Northern glider]]

Northern glider

2014-10-05T18:23:27Z

WikiAdmin: WikiAdmin moved page Northern Glider to Northern glider

{{Taxobox
| name = Northern Glider<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves | pages = 45}}</ref>
| status = CR
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Leary, T., Wright, D., Hamilton, S., Singadan, R., Menzies, J., Bonaccorso, F., Salas, L., Dickman, C. & Helgen, K.|year=2008|id=16726|title=Petaurus abidi|downloaded=28 December 2008}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as critically endangered </ref>
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammalia]]
| ordo = [[Diprotodontia]]
| familia = [[Petauridae]]
| genus = ''[[Petaurus]]''
| species = '''''P. abidi'''''
| binomial = ''Petaurus abidi''
| binomial_authority = Ziegler, 1981
| synonyms =
| range_map = Northern Glider area.png
| range_map_caption = Northern Glider range
}}

The '''Northern Glider''' ('''''Petaurus abidi''''') is a species of [[marsupial]] in the [[Petauridae]] family. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Papua New Guinea]]. Its natural [[habitat]] is dry [[savanna]].<ref name=iucn/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Diprotodontia|P.1}}
{{Diprotodont-stub}}

[[Category:Gliding possums]]

File:Petaurus breviceps.jpg

2014-10-05T18:21:27Z

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File:Petaurus breviceps distribution.png

2014-10-05T18:20:03Z

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File:Sugarglider hp.jpg

2014-10-05T18:18:36Z

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Yellow-bellied Glider

2014-10-05T18:17:38Z

WikiAdmin: WikiAdmin moved page Yellow-bellied Glider to Yellow-bellied glider

#REDIRECT [[Yellow-bellied glider]]

Yellow-bellied glider

2014-10-05T18:17:35Z

WikiAdmin: WikiAdmin moved page Yellow-bellied Glider to Yellow-bellied glider

{{Taxobox
| name = Yellow-bellied Glider<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=54-55}}</ref>
| image = Petaurus australis.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Menkhorst, P., Winter, J., Elis, M., Denny, M., Burnett, S. & Lunney, D.|year=2008|id=16730|title=Petaurus australis|downloaded=28 December 2008}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| infraclassis = [[Marsupial]]ia
| ordo = [[Diprotodontia]]
| familia = [[Petauridae]]
| genus = ''[[Petaurus]]''
| species = '''''P. australis'''''
| binomial = ''Petaurus australis''
| binomial_authority = [[George Shaw|Shaw]], 1791
| range_map = Yellow-bellied Glider.JPG
| range_map_caption = Distribution of the Yellow-bellied Glider
}}

The '''Yellow-bellied Glider''' (''Petaurus australis'') is an [[arboreal]]<ref name="environment.nsw.gov.au">http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/pnf/07355ybglider.pdf</ref> and [[nocturnal]]<ref>http://thewebsiteofeverything.com/animals/mammals/Diprotodontia/Petauridae/Petaurus/Petaurus-australis.html</ref> [[gliding possum]]<ref>[http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/animals/GlidingPossums.htm Gliding Possums] — Environment, New South Wales Government</ref> that lives in a narrow range of native eucalypt forests<ref name=adw>http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Petaurus_australis.html</ref> down eastern Australia, reaching from northern [[Queensland]] to [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]].

==Habitat==
The Yellow-bellied Glider is found at altitudes over 700m above sea level.<ref name=biodiv>http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/pubs/66668-conservation-advice.pdf</ref> With natural discontinuities and habitat clearing there are 13 different populations in three distinct places to find this glider in North Queensland. One population resides on Mount Windsor Tableland, another on Mount Carbine Tableland, and the third lives in a linear habitat going from Atherton to Kirrama on the Atherton Tableland. These three populations together are estimated to contain around 6000 individual gliders.<ref name=biodiv/> With their habitat in danger the Yellow-bellied Glider is classified as uncommon to rare and is named vulnerable to the tropics. This species is more widespread in southern Queensland, NSW and Victoria.

==Appearance and behaviour==
The Yellow-bellied Glider is a [[marsupial]] about the size of a [[rabbit]]. It typically has grey-brown fur on its back and has an off-white to [[orange (colour)|orange]] or yellow belly. It has large pointed ears and a long tail that can grow to reach 48 cm in length.<ref name=biodiv/><ref>{{Cite book| author = Cronin, Leonard and Westmacott, Marion (illustrator) | title = Key Guide to Australian Mammals | year = 1991 | pages = 64–65 | publisher = Reed Books Pty. Ltd. | isbn = 0-7301-0355-2}}</ref> Its body length is smaller reaching to about 30 cm long and the marsupial weighs a total of 700g.<ref name=biodiv/> The males are usually bigger than the females.<ref name=adw/>

There are two subspecies:
* ''P. a. australis'' in the south (which is locally common)
* ''P. a. reginae'' in northern Queensland (which is rare and threatened with logging)

The Yellow-bellied Glider is the largest species of ''[[Petaurus]]'', the wrist-winged gliders, a group of [[arboreal]] marsupials, and can glide up to 150m.<ref>{{Cite book| author = Jones, Cath & Parish, Steve | title = Field Guide to Australian Mammals | pages = 86, 88 | publisher = Steve Parish Publishing Pty. Ltd. | isbn = 1-74021-743-8}}</ref> The Yellow-bellied Glider has be observed to jump up to 100m<ref name=fluffy>http://www.australianfauna.com/fluffyglider.php</ref> or 114m <ref name=adw/>

It is similar in appearance to the [[Mahogany Glider]], although slightly larger in size. It is also similar in appearance to the [[Greater Glider]], a species that is more closely related to the [[Lemur-like Ringtail Possum]] than to the other members of the ''Petaurus'' genus.<ref>{{Cite book| author = Menkhorst, Peter and Knight, Frank | title = A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia | year = 2001 | pages = 94–95 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-19-550870-X}}</ref>

The Yellow-bellied Glider is [[Wiktionary:gregarious|gregarious]] and spends the day in a leaf-lined tree hole, which is usually shared with other members of the same species. It is also one of the most vocal possum gliders. It has a distinctive growling call that it uses as means of communication.<ref name="environment.sa.gov.au">http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/biodiversity/southeast-bcp/pdfs/gliders.pdf</ref> It has been recorded to have been heard up to 500m away.<ref name=fluffy/>

==Reproduction==
Breeding occurs in spring in the south, but throughout the year in the Queensland in the north. Sexual maturity for the glider is around 2 years of age when the glider will then<ref name=adw/> pair up with another glider, usually in a monogamous relationship and mate August to December.<ref name=adw/> The offspring are normally born between May and September. They then stay in the [[marsupium]] for about 100 days. The young are then left in the den for 2–3 months before they are weaned from the mother and go off on their own.<ref name=adw/><ref name=fluffy/> While in the dens both parents will care for the offspring.<ref name=adw/>

The dens are made in ''[[Eucalyptus grandis]]'' trees<ref name=fluffy/> and are lined with leaves. Their total life expectancy is about 6 years.<ref name=fluffy/>

==Diet==
The Yellow-belled Glider's diet consists of [[nectar]], [[Honeydew (melon)|honeydew]], [[insect]]s, [[pollen]] and a wide spread of tree sap including different [[Eucalyptus|''Eucalyptus'' sap]], ''[[Corymbia]]'' sap, some ''[[Angophora]]'' sap, and ''[[Lophostemon]]'' sap.<ref name="environment.nsw.gov.au"/> It obtains the tree sap by biting a 'V' shape wedge/notch into the bark to promote the flow of gum and sap.<ref name="environment.sa.gov.au"/><ref>{{Cite book| author = Strahan, Ronald | title = A Photographic Guide to Mammals of Australia | year = 1995 | publisher = The Australian Museum, New Holland (Publishers) Ltd. | isbn = 1-85368-583-6 | page = 58}}</ref> It usually incises the bark on the trunks or upper branches of the trees.<ref name=adw/>

==Conservation==
The two primary threats to the species are barbed-wire fences and logging, specifically [[felling]] of old nest trees.<ref>{{Cite book| editor = Ryan, Michelle (General Editor), and Burwell, Chris (Scientific Editor) | title = Wildlife of Tropical North Queensland | publisher = Queensland Museum | isbn = 0-7242-9349-3 | page = 338}}</ref> It is currently listed as a species of "Least Concern" because it has a wide distribution, including several protected areas. While it is a rare species, there is a presumed large population which is unlikely to be decreasing at a rate that would threaten the species under the criteria for current categories.<ref name=iucn/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Cronin, Leonard — "''Key Guide to Australian Mammals''", published by Reed Books Pty. Ltd., Sydney, 1991 ISBN 0-7301-0355-2
* van der Beld, John — "''Nature of Australia — A portrait of the island continent''", co-published by William Collins Pty. Ltd. and ABC Enterprises for the Australian Boadcasting Corporation, Sydney, 1988 (revised edition 1992), ISBN 0-7333-0241-6
* Russell, Rupert — "''Spotlight on Possums''", published by University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Queensland, 1980, ISBN 0-7022-1478-7
* Troughton, Ellis — "''Furred Animals of Australia''", published by Angus and Robertson (Publishers) Pty. Ltd, Sydney, in 1941 (revised edition 1973), ISBN 0-207-12256-3
* Morcombe, Michael & Irene — "''Mammals of Australia''", published by Australian Universities Press Pty. Ltd, Sydney, 1974, ISBN 0-7249-0017-9
* Ride, W. D. L. — "''A Guide to the Native Mammals of Australia''", published by Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1970, ISBN 19 550252 3
* Serventy, Vincent — "''Wildlife of Australia''", published by Thomas Nelson (Australia) Ltd., Melbourne, 1968 (revised edition 1977), ISBN 0-17-005168-4
* Serventy, Vincent (editor) — "''Australia's Wildlife Heritage''", published by Paul Hamlyn Pty. Ltd., Sydney, 1975</ref> of the [[marsupial]] [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Petauridae]].

==External links==
* [http://threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/profile.aspx?id=10601 Yellow-bellied Glider] — Threatened species — [[Government of New South Wales]] website
* [http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/Content/Yellow-bellied+glider+vulnerable+species+listing Yellow-bellied Glider] — Vulnerable species — [[National Parks and Wildlife Service (New South Wales)|National Parks and Wildlife Service]]
* [http://www.wildlife.org.au/wildlife-gliders.php?page=w-gliders-yellowbellied.html Yellow-bellied Glider] — [[Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland]]
* [http://www.wildlife.org.au/wildlife.php?page=w-gliders1.html Gliders in the Spotlight] — Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland
* [http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/forest/animals/yell_glider.html Yellow-bellied Glider] - [[Museum Victoria]]
* [http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/PDFs/recoveryplan_final_yellowbellied_glider.pdf Yellow-bellied Glider] — Recovery plan — [[National Parks and Wildlife Service (New South Wales)|National Parks and Wildlife Service]] (.pdf file — file is 32 pages long)

{{Diprotodontia|P.1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yellow-Bellied Glider}}
[[Category:Gliding possums]]

File:Northern Glider area.png

2014-10-05T18:16:29Z

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File:Status iucn3.1 CR.svg

2014-10-05T18:15:20Z

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MediaWiki:Common.css

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*/
div.listenlist {
/* @embed */
background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Gnome_speakernotes_30px.png");
/* @noflip */
padding-left: 40px;
}

/* Style rules for media list templates */
div.medialist {
min-height: 50px;
margin: 1em;
/* @noflip */
background-position: top left;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
div.medialist ul {
list-style-type: none;
list-style-image: none;
margin: 0;
}
div.medialist ul li {
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.medialist ul li li {
font-size: 91%;
padding-bottom: 0;
}

/* Change the external link icon to an Adobe icon for all PDF files
in browsers that support these CSS selectors, like Mozilla and Opera */
div#content a[href$=".pdf"].external,
div#content a[href*=".pdf?"].external,
div#content a[href*=".pdf#"].external,
div#content a[href$=".PDF"].external,
div#content a[href*=".PDF?"].external,
div#content a[href*=".PDF#"].external,
div#mw_content a[href$=".pdf"].external,
div#mw_content a[href*=".pdf?"].external,
div#mw_content a[href*=".pdf#"].external,
div#mw_content a[href$=".PDF"].external,
div#mw_content a[href*=".PDF?"].external,
div#mw_content a[href*=".PDF#"].external {
/* @embed */
background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") no-repeat right;
/* @noflip */
padding-right: 18px;
}

/* Change the external link icon to an Adobe icon anywhere the PDFlink class
is used (notably Template:PDFlink). This works in IE, unlike the above. */
div#content span.PDFlink a,
div#mw_content span.PDFlink a {
/* @embed */
background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") no-repeat right;
/* @noflip */
padding-right: 18px;
}

/* Content in columns with CSS instead of tables [[Template:Columns]] */
div.columns-2 div.column {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
width: 50%;
min-width: 300px;
}
div.columns-3 div.column {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
width: 33.3%;
min-width: 200px;
}
div.columns-4 div.column {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
width: 25%;
min-width: 150px;
}
div.columns-5 div.column {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
width: 20%;
min-width: 120px;
}

/* Messagebox templates */
.messagebox {
border: 1px solid #aaa;
background-color: #f9f9f9;
width: 80%;
margin: 0 auto 1em auto;
padding: .2em;
}
.messagebox.merge {
border: 1px solid #c0b8cc;
background-color: #f0e5ff;
text-align: center;
}
.messagebox.cleanup {
border: 1px solid #9f9fff;
background-color: #efefff;
text-align: center;
}
.messagebox.standard-talk {
border: 1px solid #c0c090;
background-color: #f8eaba;
margin: 4px auto;
}
/* For old WikiProject banners inside banner shells. */
.mbox-inside .standard-talk,
.messagebox.nested-talk {
border: 1px solid #c0c090;
background-color: #f8eaba;
width: 100%;
margin: 2px 0;
padding: 2px;
}
.messagebox.small {
width: 238px;
font-size: 85%;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
clear: both;
/* @noflip */
margin: 0 0 1em 1em;
line-height: 1.25em;
}
.messagebox.small-talk {
width: 238px;
font-size: 85%;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
clear: both;
/* @noflip */
margin: 0 0 1em 1em;
line-height: 1.25em;
background: #F8EABA;
}

/* Cell sizes for ambox/tmbox/imbox/cmbox/ombox/fmbox/dmbox message boxes */
th.mbox-text, td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */
border: none;
/* @noflip */
padding: 0.25em 0.9em; /* 0.9em left/right */
width: 100%; /* Make all mboxes the same width regardless of text length */
}
td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */
border: none;
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0 2px 0.9em; /* 0.9em left, 0px right */
text-align: center;
}
td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */
border: none;
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0.9em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.9em right */
text-align: center;
}
td.mbox-empty-cell { /* An empty narrow cell */
border: none;
padding: 0px;
width: 1px;
}

/* Article message box styles */
table.ambox {
margin: 0px 10%; /* 10% = Will not overlap with other elements */
border: 1px solid #aaa;
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #1e90ff; /* Default "notice" blue */
background: #fbfbfb;
}
table.ambox + table.ambox { /* Single border between stacked boxes. */
margin-top: -1px;
}
.ambox th.mbox-text,
.ambox td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */
padding: 0.25em 0.5em; /* 0.5em left/right */
}
.ambox td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0 2px 0.5em; /* 0.5em left, 0px right */
}
.ambox td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0.5em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.5em right */
}

table.ambox-notice {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #1e90ff; /* Blue */
}
table.ambox-speedy {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #b22222; /* Red */
background: #fee; /* Pink */
}
table.ambox-delete {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #b22222; /* Red */
}
table.ambox-content {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}
table.ambox-style {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */
}
table.ambox-move {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}
table.ambox-protection {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #bba; /* Gray-gold */
}

/* Image message box styles */
table.imbox {
margin: 4px 10%;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 3px solid #1e90ff; /* Default "notice" blue */
background: #fbfbfb;
}
.imbox .mbox-text .imbox { /* For imboxes inside imbox-text cells. */
margin: 0 -0.5em; /* 0.9 - 0.5 = 0.4em left/right. */
display: block; /* Fix for webkit to force 100% width. */
}
.mbox-inside .imbox { /* For imboxes inside other templates. */
margin: 4px;
}

table.imbox-notice {
border: 3px solid #1e90ff; /* Blue */
}
table.imbox-speedy {
border: 3px solid #b22222; /* Red */
background: #fee; /* Pink */
}
table.imbox-delete {
border: 3px solid #b22222; /* Red */
}
table.imbox-content {
border: 3px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}
table.imbox-style {
border: 3px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */
}
table.imbox-move {
border: 3px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}
table.imbox-protection {
border: 3px solid #bba; /* Gray-gold */
}
table.imbox-license {
border: 3px solid #88a; /* Dark gray */
background: #f7f8ff; /* Light gray */
}
table.imbox-featured {
border: 3px solid #cba135; /* Brown-gold */
}

/* Category message box styles */
table.cmbox {
margin: 3px 10%;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 1px solid #aaa;
background: #DFE8FF; /* Default "notice" blue */
}

table.cmbox-notice {
background: #D8E8FF; /* Blue */
}
table.cmbox-speedy {
margin-top: 4px;
margin-bottom: 4px;
border: 4px solid #b22222; /* Red */
background: #FFDBDB; /* Pink */
}
table.cmbox-delete {
background: #FFDBDB; /* Red */
}
table.cmbox-content {
background: #FFE7CE; /* Orange */
}
table.cmbox-style {
background: #FFF9DB; /* Yellow */
}
table.cmbox-move {
background: #E4D8FF; /* Purple */
}
table.cmbox-protection {
background: #EFEFE1; /* Gray-gold */
}

/* Other pages message box styles */
table.ombox {
margin: 4px 10%;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 1px solid #aaa; /* Default "notice" gray */
background: #f9f9f9;
}

table.ombox-notice {
border: 1px solid #aaa; /* Gray */
}
table.ombox-speedy {
border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */
background: #fee; /* Pink */
}
table.ombox-delete {
border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */
}
table.ombox-content {
border: 1px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}
table.ombox-style {
border: 1px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */
}
table.ombox-move {
border: 1px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}
table.ombox-protection {
border: 2px solid #bba; /* Gray-gold */
}

/* Talk page message box styles */
table.tmbox {
margin: 4px 10%;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Default "notice" gray-brown */
background: #f8eaba;
}
.mediawiki .mbox-inside .tmbox { /* For tmboxes inside other templates. The "mediawiki" class ensures that */
margin: 2px 0; /* this declaration overrides other styles (including mbox-small above) */
width: 100%; /* For Safari and Opera */
}
.mbox-inside .tmbox.mbox-small { /* "small" tmboxes should not be small when */
line-height: 1.5em; /* also "nested", so reset styles that are */
font-size: 100%; /* set in "mbox-small" above. */
}

table.tmbox-speedy {
border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */
background: #fee; /* Pink */
}
table.tmbox-delete {
border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */
}
table.tmbox-content {
border: 2px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}
table.tmbox-style {
border: 2px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */
}
table.tmbox-move {
border: 2px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}
table.tmbox-protection,
table.tmbox-notice {
border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Gray-brown */
}

/* Disambig and set index box styles */
table.dmbox {
clear: both;
margin: 0.9em 1em;
border-top: 1px solid #ccc;
border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
background: transparent;
}

/* Footer and header message box styles */
table.fmbox {
clear: both;
margin: 0.2em 0;
width: 100%;
border: 1px solid #aaa;
background: #f9f9f9; /* Default "system" gray */
}
table.fmbox-system {
background: #f9f9f9;
}
table.fmbox-warning {
border: 1px solid #bb7070; /* Dark pink */
background: #ffdbdb; /* Pink */
}
table.fmbox-editnotice {
background: transparent;
}
/* Div based "warning" style fmbox messages. */
div.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt,
div.mw-lag-warn-high,
div.mw-cascadeprotectedwarning,
div#mw-protect-cascadeon {
clear: both;
margin: 0.2em 0;
border: 1px solid #bb7070;
background: #ffdbdb;
padding: 0.25em 0.9em;
}
/* Div based "system" style fmbox messages.
Used in [[MediaWiki:Readonly lag]]. */
div.mw-lag-warn-normal,
div.fmbox-system {
clear: both;
margin: 0.2em 0;
border: 1px solid #aaa;
background: #f9f9f9;
padding: 0.25em 0.9em;
}

/* These mbox-small classes must be placed after all other
ambox/tmbox/ombox etc classes. "body.mediawiki" is so
they override "table.ambox + table.ambox" above. */
body.mediawiki table.mbox-small { /* For the "small=yes" option. */
/* @noflip */
clear: right;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
/* @noflip */
margin: 4px 0 4px 1em;
width: 238px;
font-size: 88%;
line-height: 1.25em;
}
body.mediawiki table.mbox-small-left { /* For the "small=left" option. */
/* @noflip */
margin: 4px 1em 4px 0;
width: 238px;
border-collapse: collapse;
font-size: 88%;
line-height: 1.25em;
}

/* Remove default styles for [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]]. */
div.noarticletext {
border: none;
background: transparent;
padding: 0;
}

/* Bold save button */
#wpSave {
font-weight: bold;
}

/* class hiddenStructure is defunct. See [[Wikipedia:hiddenStructure]] */
.hiddenStructure {
display: inline ! important;
color: #f00;
background-color: #0f0;
}

/* suppress missing interwiki image links where #ifexist cannot
be used due to high number of requests see .hidden-redlink on
[[m:MediaWiki:Common.css]]
*/
.check-icon a.new {
display: none;
speak: none;
}

/* Removes underlines from certain links */
.nounderlines a,
.IPA a:link, .IPA a:visited {
text-decoration: none !important;
}

/* Standard Navigationsleisten, aka box hiding thingy
from .de. Documentation at [[Wikipedia:NavFrame]]. */
div.NavFrame {
margin: 0;
padding: 4px;
border: 1px solid #aaa;
text-align: center;
border-collapse: collapse;
font-size: 95%;
}
div.NavFrame + div.NavFrame {
border-top-style: none;
border-top-style: hidden;
}
div.NavPic {
background-color: #fff;
margin: 0;
padding: 2px;
/* @noflip */
float: left;
}
div.NavFrame div.NavHead {
height: 1.6em;
font-weight: bold;
background-color: #ccf;
position: relative;
}
div.NavFrame p,
div.NavFrame div.NavContent,
div.NavFrame div.NavContent p {
font-size: 100%;
}
div.NavEnd {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
line-height: 1px;
clear: both;
}
a.NavToggle {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
/* @noflip */
right: 3px;
font-weight: normal;
font-size: 90%;
}

/* Hatnotes and disambiguation notices */
.rellink,
.dablink {
font-style: italic;
/* @noflip */
padding-left: 1.6em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
.rellink i,
.dablink i {
font-style: normal;
}

/* Allow transcluded pages to display in lists rather than a table.
Compatible in Firefox; incompatible in IE6. */
.listify td { display: list-item; }
.listify tr { display: block; }
.listify table { display: block; }

/* Geographical coordinates defaults. See [[Template:Coord/link]]
for how these are used. The classes "geo", "longitude", and
"latitude" are used by the [[Geo microformat]].
*/
.geo-default, .geo-dms, .geo-dec { display: inline; }
.geo-nondefault, .geo-multi-punct { display: none; }
.longitude, .latitude { white-space: nowrap; }

/* When <div class="nonumtoc"> is used on the table of contents,
the ToC will display without numbers */
.nonumtoc .tocnumber { display: none; }
.nonumtoc #toc ul,
.nonumtoc .toc ul {
line-height: 1.5em;
list-style: none;
margin: .3em 0 0;
padding: 0;
}
.nonumtoc #toc ul ul,
.nonumtoc .toc ul ul {
/* @noflip */
margin: 0 0 0 2em;
}

/* Allow limiting of which header levels are shown in a TOC;
<div class="toclimit-3">, for instance, will limit to
showing ==headings== and ===headings=== but no further
(as long as there are no =headings= on the page, which
there shouldn't be according to the MoS).
*/
.toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,
.toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,
.toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,
.toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,
.toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,
.toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul {
display: none;
}

/* Styling for Template:Quote */
blockquote.templatequote {
margin-top: 0;
}
blockquote.templatequote div.templatequotecite {
line-height: 1em;
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
/* @noflip */
padding-left: 2em;
margin-top: 0;
}
blockquote.templatequote div.templatequotecite cite {
font-size: 85%;
}

/* User block messages */
div.user-block {
padding: 5px;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
border: 1px solid #A9A9A9;
background-color: #FFEFD5;
}

/* Prevent line breaks in silly places:
1) Where desired
2) Links when we don't want them to
3) Bold "links" to the page itself
4) HTML formulae
5) Ref tags with group names <ref group="Note"> --> "[Note 1]"
*/
.nowrap,
.nowraplinks a,
.nowraplinks .selflink,
span.texhtml,
sup.reference a {
white-space: nowrap;
}

/* For template documentation */
.template-documentation {
clear: both;
margin: 1em 0 0 0;
border: 1px solid #aaa;
background-color: #ecfcf4;
padding: 1em;
}

/* Inline divs in ImageMaps (code borrowed from de.wiki) */
.imagemap-inline div {
display: inline;
}

/* Increase the height of the image upload box */
#wpUploadDescription {
height: 13em;
}

/* Minimum thumb width */
.thumbinner {
min-width: 100px;
}

/* Makes the background of a framed image white instead of gray. */
/* Only visible with transparent images. */
div.thumb img.thumbimage {
background-color: #fff;
}

/* The backgrounds for galleries. */
div#content .gallerybox div.thumb {
background-color: #F9F9F9; /* Light gray padding */
}
/* Put a chequered background behind images, only visible if they have transparency
Remove '.filehistory a img' and '#file img:hover' once 1.19 is deployed */
.gallerybox .thumb img,
.filehistory a img,
#file img:hover {
/* @embed */
background: white url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Checker-16x16.png") repeat;
}
/* But not on articles, user pages, portals or with opt-out. */
.ns-0 .gallerybox .thumb img,
.ns-2 .gallerybox .thumb img,
.ns-100 .gallerybox .thumb img,
.nochecker .gallerybox .thumb img {
background: white;
}

/* Category tree */
#mw-subcategories ul {
list-style: none none;
margin-left: 0.25em;
}
.CategoryTreeChildren {
margin-left: 1.25em;
}

/* Prevent floating boxes from overlapping any category listings,
file histories, edit previews, and edit [Show changes] views */
#mw-subcategories, #mw-pages, #mw-category-media,
#filehistory, #wikiPreview, #wikiDiff {
clear: both;
}

/* Styling for update markers on watchlist and history pages */
span.updatedmarker {
background-color: transparent;
color: #006400;
}
strong.mw-watched a {
font-weight: normal
}

/* Selectively hide headers in WikiProject banners */
.wpb .wpb-header { display: none; }
.wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: block; } /* for IE */
.wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: table-row; } /* for real browsers */
.wpbs-inner .wpb-outside { display: none; } /* hide things that should only display outside shells */

/* Styling for Abuse Filter tags */
.mw-tag-markers {
font-family:sans-serif;
font-style:italic;
font-size:90%;
}

/* Hide stuff meant for accounts with special permissions. Made visible again in [[MediaWiki:Group-sysop.css]] and [[MediaWiki:Group-accountcreator.css]]. */
.sysop-show, .accountcreator-show {
display: none;
}

/* Remove bullets when there are multiple edit page warnings */
ul.permissions-errors > li {
list-style: none;
}
ul.permissions-errors {
margin: 0;
}

/* No linewrap on the labels of the login/signup page */
body.page-Special_UserLogin .mw-label label,
body.page-Special_UserLogin_signup .mw-label label { white-space : nowrap; }

/* Disable the automatic text-size adjust of WebKit on iPhones etc.
It scales some text, and not the other. Use none, or fixed percentage instead.
Use media selector, because defining a value, overwrites platform defaults. */
@media only screen and (max-device-width: 480px) {
body {
-webkit-text-size-adjust: none;
}
}

/* Pie chart test: Transparent borders */
.transborder {
border: solid transparent;
}
* html .transborder { /* IE6 */
border: solid #000001;
filter: chroma(color=#000001);
}

/* Fix so <syntaxhighlight> tags and .css and .js pages get normal text size.
[[Bugzilla:26204]] */
div.mw-geshi div,
div.mw-geshi div pre,
span.mw-geshi,
pre.source-css,
pre.source-javascript {
font-family: monospace, Courier !important;
}

/* Reduce excess space between category links.
Remove this when bug 31547/r100869 is resolved/deployed */
#catlinks {
line-height: 1.25em;
}
#catlinks li {
line-height: 1.25em;
margin: 0.125em 0;
padding: 0 0.5em;
}
#catlinks li:first-child {
padding-left: 0.25em;
}

/* Fix styling of transcluded prefindex tables */
table#mw-prefixindex-list-table,
table#mw-prefixindex-nav-table {
width: 98%;
}

/* BREADCRUMB CODE FOR THE ACCOUNT CREATION PROCESS */

.breadcrumb {
list-style: none;
overflow: hidden;
font: 14px Helvetica, Arial, Sans-Serif;
}
.breadcrumb li {
float: left;
margin-bottom: 0;
}
.breadcrumb li a {
color: white;
text-decoration: none;
padding: 10px 0 10px 45px;
position: relative;
display: block;
float: left;
}
.breadcrumb li a:after,
.breadcrumb li a:before {
content: " ";
display: block;
width: 0;
height: 0;
border-top: 50px solid transparent; /* Go big on the size, and let overflow hide */
border-bottom: 50px solid transparent;
position: absolute;
top: 50%;
margin-top: -50px;
left: 100%;
z-index: 2;
}
.breadcrumb li a:before {
border-left: 31px solid white;
margin-left: 1px;
z-index: 1;
}
.breadcrumb li:first-child a {
padding-left: 20px;
}
.currentcrumb a {
background: #069;
}
.currentcrumb a:after {
border-left: 30px solid #069;
}
.currentcrumb a:hover, .prevcrumb a:hover, .nextcrumb a:hover {
background: #002d44;
}
.currentcrumb a:hover:after, .prevcrumb a:hover:after, .nextcrumb a:hover:after {
border-left-color: #002d44 !important;
}
.prevcrumb a {
background: #396;
}
.prevcrumb a:after {
border-left: 30px solid #396;
}
.nextcrumb a {
background: #999;
}
.nextcrumb a:after {
border-left: 30px solid #999;
}

/* Makes it possible for the boxes in the Account Creation Process to overlap */
#userlogin {
margin: 0;
width: 90% !important;
max-width: 100% !important;
padding: 1.5em;
padding-top: 0.75em !important;
border: 0;
-moz-box-shadow: inset 0 0px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35);
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35);
box-shadow: inset 0 0px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35);
-moz-border-radius: 7px;
-webkit-border-radius: 7px;
border-radius: 7px;
background: white;
background: #fff;
background: -moz-linear-gradient(bottom, #fff 90%, #F5F5F5 100%);
background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left bottom, left top, color-stop(90%,#fff), color-stop(100%,#F5F5F5));
background: -webkit-linear-gradient(bottom, #fff 90%,#F5F5F5 100%);
background: -o-linear-gradient(bottom, #fff 90%,#F5F5F5 100%);
background: -ms-linear-gradient(bottom, #fff 90%,#F5F5F5 100%);
background: linear-gradient(bottom, #fff 90%,#fff 100%);
}

/* Hides the longer title for the listed pages */
body.page-MediaWiki:Customusertemplate-ACP1-Fancycaptcha-createaccount #firstHeading,
body.page-MediaWiki:Customusertemplate-ACP1-Welcomecreation #firstHeading,
body.page-MediaWiki_Customusertemplate-ACP2-Welcomecreation #firstHeading,
body.page-MediaWiki_Customusertemplate-ACP2-Be_a_part_of_Wikipedia_History_Copyediting #firstHeading,
body.page-MediaWiki_Customusertemplate-ACP2-Which_skills_do_you_have_to_offer #firstHeading,
body.page-MediaWiki_Customusertemplate-ACP2-Be_a_part_of_Wikipedia_Geography_Copyediting #firstHeading,
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Category:Gliding possums

2014-10-05T18:09:24Z

WikiAdmin: Created page with "Category:Contents"

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2014-10-05T17:56:01Z

WikiAdmin: 1 revision

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2014-10-05T17:56:00Z

WikiAdmin: 1 revision

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Template:Tl

2014-10-05T17:56:00Z

WikiAdmin: 1 revision

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Template:Template other

2014-10-05T17:56:00Z

WikiAdmin: 1 revision

{{#switch:

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{{documentation}}

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Template:Plaincode

2014-10-05T17:56:00Z

WikiAdmin: 1 revision

<code style="background:transparent;border:none;">{{{1}}}</code><noinclude>

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[[Category:Programming typing-aid templates]]
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Template:Nobold

2014-10-05T17:56:00Z

WikiAdmin: 1 revision

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2014-10-05T17:56:00Z

WikiAdmin: 1 revision

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|state = {{#ifeq:{{{selected}}}|{{{abbr18}}} |uncollapsed |{{{state18|collapsed}}}}}
|titlestyle = {{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}}{{{secttitlestyle|}}}{{{group18style|}}}{{{sect18titlestyle|}}}
|liststyle = {{{liststyle|}}}{{{contentstyle|}}}{{{list18style|}}}{{{content18style|}}}
|title = {{{group18|}}}{{{sect18|}}}{{{section18|}}}
|list1 = {{{list18|}}}{{{content18|}}}
|image = {{{image18|}}}
|imageleft = {{{imageleft18|}}}
|{{#if:{{{listpadding|}}} |listpadding |void}} = {{{listpadding|}}}
}}
| {{{list18|}}}{{{content18|}}}
}}

|list19 =
{{#if:{{{group19|}}}{{{sect19|}}}{{{section19|}}}
| {{Navbox|child
|state = {{#ifeq:{{{selected}}}|{{{abbr19}}} |uncollapsed |{{{state19|collapsed}}}}}
|titlestyle = {{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}}{{{secttitlestyle|}}}{{{group19style|}}}{{{sect19titlestyle|}}}
|liststyle = {{{liststyle|}}}{{{contentstyle|}}}{{{list19style|}}}{{{content19style|}}}
|title = {{{group19|}}}{{{sect19|}}}{{{section19|}}}
|list1 = {{{list19|}}}{{{content19|}}}
|image = {{{image19|}}}
|imageleft = {{{imageleft19|}}}
|{{#if:{{{listpadding|}}} |listpadding |void}} = {{{listpadding|}}}
}}
| {{{list19|}}}{{{content19|}}}
}}

|list20 =
{{#if:{{{group20|}}}{{{sect20|}}}{{{section20|}}}
| {{Navbox|child
|state = {{#ifeq:{{{selected}}}|{{{abbr20}}} |uncollapsed |{{{state20|collapsed}}}}}
|titlestyle = {{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}}{{{secttitlestyle|}}}{{{group20style|}}}{{{sect20titlestyle|}}}
|liststyle = {{{liststyle|}}}{{{contentstyle|}}}{{{list20style|}}}{{{content20style|}}}
|title = {{{group20|}}}{{{sect20|}}}{{{section20|}}}
|list1 = {{{list20|}}}{{{content20|}}}
|image = {{{image20|}}}
|imageleft = {{{imageleft20|}}}
|{{#if:{{{listpadding|}}} |listpadding |void}} = {{{listpadding|}}}
}}
| {{{list20|}}}{{{content20|}}}
}}
}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Template:Navbox subgroup

2014-10-05T17:56:00Z

WikiAdmin: 1 revision

{{Navbox
|name = {{{name|}}}
|state = {{{state|}}}
|navbar = {{{navbar|}}}
|border = {{#if:{{{border|}}}|{{{border}}}|child}}

|title = {{{title|}}}
|above = {{{above|}}}
|below = {{{below|}}}
|image = {{{image|}}}
|imageleft = {{{imageleft|}}}
|groupwidth = {{{groupwidth|}}}

|group1 = {{#if:{{{group1|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group1}}}</div>}}
|group2 = {{#if:{{{group2|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group2}}}</div>}}
|group3 = {{#if:{{{group3|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group3}}}</div>}}
|group4 = {{#if:{{{group4|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group4}}}</div>}}
|group5 = {{#if:{{{group5|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group5}}}</div>}}
|group6 = {{#if:{{{group6|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group6}}}</div>}}
|group7 = {{#if:{{{group7|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group7}}}</div>}}
|group8 = {{#if:{{{group8|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group8}}}</div>}}
|group9 = {{#if:{{{group9|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group9}}}</div>}}
|group10 = {{#if:{{{group10|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group10}}}</div>}}
|group11 = {{#if:{{{group11|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group11}}}</div>}}
|group12 = {{#if:{{{group12|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group12}}}</div>}}
|group13 = {{#if:{{{group13|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group13}}}</div>}}
|group14 = {{#if:{{{group14|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group14}}}</div>}}
|group15 = {{#if:{{{group15|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group15}}}</div>}}
|group16 = {{#if:{{{group16|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group16}}}</div>}}
|group17 = {{#if:{{{group17|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group17}}}</div>}}
|group18 = {{#if:{{{group18|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group18}}}</div>}}
|group19 = {{#if:{{{group19|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group19}}}</div>}}
|group20 = {{#if:{{{group20|}}}|<div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}">{{{group20}}}</div>}}

|list1 = {{{list1|}}}
|list2 = {{{list2|}}}
|list3 = {{{list3|}}}
|list4 = {{{list4|}}}
|list5 = {{{list5|}}}
|list6 = {{{list6|}}}
|list7 = {{{list7|}}}
|list8 = {{{list8|}}}
|list9 = {{{list9|}}}
|list10 = {{{list10|}}}
|list11 = {{{list11|}}}
|list12 = {{{list12|}}}
|list13 = {{{list13|}}}
|list14 = {{{list14|}}}
|list15 = {{{list15|}}}
|list16 = {{{list16|}}}
|list17 = {{{list17|}}}
|list18 = {{{list18|}}}
|list19 = {{{list19|}}}
|list20 = {{{list20|}}}

|bodyclass = {{{bodyclass|}}}
|titleclass = {{{titleclass|}}}
|aboveclass = {{{aboveclass|}}}
|belowclass = {{{belowclass|}}}
|groupclass = {{{groupclass|}}}
|listclass = {{{listclass|}}}

|style = {{{style|}}}{{{bodystyle|}}}
|imageleftstyle = {{{imageleftstyle|}}}
|imagestyle = {{{imagestyle|}}}
|titlestyle = {{{titlestyle|}}}
|basestyle = {{{basestyle|}}}
|abovestyle = {{{abovestyle|}}}
|belowstyle = {{{belowstyle|}}}
|groupstyle = padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;{{{groupstyle|}}}
|liststyle = {{{liststyle|}}}
|evenstyle = {{{evenstyle|}}}
|oddstyle = {{{oddstyle|}}}

|group1style = {{{group1style|}}}
|group2style = {{{group2style|}}}
|group3style = {{{group3style|}}}
|group4style = {{{group4style|}}}
|group5style = {{{group5style|}}}
|group6style = {{{group6style|}}}
|group7style = {{{group7style|}}}
|group8style = {{{group8style|}}}
|group9style = {{{group9style|}}}
|group10style = {{{group10style|}}}
|group11style = {{{group11style|}}}
|group12style = {{{group12style|}}}
|group13style = {{{group13style|}}}
|group14style = {{{group14style|}}}
|group15style = {{{group15style|}}}
|group16style = {{{group16style|}}}
|group17style = {{{group17style|}}}
|group18style = {{{group18style|}}}
|group19style = {{{group19style|}}}
|group20style = {{{group20style|}}}

|list1style = {{{list1style|}}}
|list2style = {{{list2style|}}}
|list3style = {{{list3style|}}}
|list4style = {{{list4style|}}}
|list5style = {{{list5style|}}}
|list6style = {{{list6style|}}}
|list7style = {{{list7style|}}}
|list8style = {{{list8style|}}}
|list9style = {{{list9style|}}}
|list10style = {{{list10style|}}}
|list11style = {{{list11style|}}}
|list12style = {{{list12style|}}}
|list13style = {{{list13style|}}}
|list14style = {{{list14style|}}}
|list15style = {{{list15style|}}}
|list16style = {{{list16style|}}}
|list17style = {{{list17style|}}}
|list18style = {{{list18style|}}}
|list19style = {{{list19style|}}}
|list20style = {{{list20style|}}}

|{{#if:{{{evenodd|}}}|evenodd|void}} = {{{evenodd|}}}
|{{#if:{{{listpadding|}}}|listpadding|void}} = {{{listpadding|}}}

}}<noinclude>

{{template doc}}

</noinclude>

Template:Navbox

2014-10-05T17:56:00Z

WikiAdmin: 1 revision

{{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup|child=</div>|none=|#default=<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;{{{bodystyle|}}};{{{style|}}}"><tr><td style="padding:2px;">}}<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks {{{bodyclass|}}} {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{#switch:{{{state|}}}|plain|off=|#default=collapsible {{#if:{{{state|}}}|{{{state}}}|autocollapse}}}}}} {{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup|child|none=navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;{{{bodystyle|}}};{{{style|}}}|#default=navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit}};{{{innerstyle|}}};">{{#if:{{{title|}}}|<tr>{{#if:{{{titlegroup|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{titlegroupclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{titlegroupstyle|}}}">{{{titlegroup|}}}</th><th scope="col" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;|<th scope="col" style="}}{{{basestyle|}}};{{{titlestyle|}}}" class="navbox-title" colspan={{#expr:2{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|+1}}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|+1}}{{#if:{{{titlegroup|}}}|-1}}}}>{{#if:{{#switch:{{{navbar|}}}|plain|off=1}}{{#if:{{{name|}}}||{{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup|child|none=1}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{navbar|}}}|off|{{#ifeq:{{{state|}}}|plain|<span style="float:right;width:6em;"> </span>}}|{{#ifeq:{{{state|}}}|plain||<span style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span>}}}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{Navbar|{{{name}}}|mini=1|fontstyle={{{basestyle|}}};{{{titlestyle|}}};background:none transparent;border:none;}}|<span class="error" style="float:left;white-space:nowrap;">Error: No name provided</span>}}{{#ifeq:{{{state|}}}|plain|<span style="float:right;width:6em;"> </span>}}}}<div class="{{{titleclass|}}}" style="font-size:110%;">
{{{title}}}</div></th></tr>}}{{#if:{{{above|}}}|{{#if:{{{title|}}}|<tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr>}}<tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow {{{aboveclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{abovestyle|}}}" colspan="{{#expr:2{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|+1}}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|+1}}}}"><div>
{{{above}}}</div></td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{list1|}}}|{{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}|<tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr>}}<tr>{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|<td class="navbox-image {{{imageclass|}}}" style="width:0%;padding:0px 2px 0px 0px;{{{imageleftstyle|}}}" rowspan={{#expr:1{{#if:{{{list2|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list3|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list4|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list5|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list6|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list7|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list8|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list9|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list10|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list11|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list12|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list13|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list14|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list15|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list16|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list17|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list18|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list19|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list20|}}}|+2}}}}><div>
{{{imageleft}}}</div></td>}}{{#if:{{{group1|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group1style|}}}">{{{group1}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list1style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><div style="padding:{{{list1padding|{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}}}}">
{{{list1}}}</div></td>{{#if:{{{image|}}}|<td class="navbox-image {{{imageclass|}}}" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;{{{imagestyle|}}}" rowspan={{#expr:1{{#if:{{{list2|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list3|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list4|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list5|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list6|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list7|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list8|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list9|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list10|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list11|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list12|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list13|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list14|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list15|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list16|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list17|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list18|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list19|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list20|}}}|+2}}}}><div>
{{{image}}}</div></td>}}</tr>}}{{#if:{{{list2|}}}|{{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list1|}}}|<tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr>}}<tr>{{#if:{{{group2|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group2style|}}}">{{{group2}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list2style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}">
{{{list2}}}</div></td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{list3|}}}|{{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list1|}}}{{{list2|}}}|<tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr>}}<tr>{{#if:{{{group3|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group3style|}}}">{{{group3}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list3style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}">
{{{list3}}}</div></td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{list4|}}}|<tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr>{{#if:{{{group4|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group4style|}}}">{{{group4}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list4style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}">
{{{list4}}}</div></td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{list5|}}}|<tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr>{{#if:{{{group5|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group5style|}}}">{{{group5}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list5style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}">
{{{list5}}}</div></td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{list6|}}}|<tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr>{{#if:{{{group6|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group6style|}}}">{{{group6}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list6style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}">
{{{list6}}}</div></td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{list7|}}}|<tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr>{{#if:{{{group7|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group7style|}}}">{{{group7}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list7style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}">
{{{list7}}}</div></td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{list8|}}}|<tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr>{{#if:{{{group8|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group8style|}}}">{{{group8}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list8style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}">
{{{list8}}}</div></td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{list9|}}}|<tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr>{{#if:{{{group9|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group9style|}}}">{{{group9}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list9style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}">
{{{list9}}}</div></td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{list10|}}}|<tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr>{{#if:{{{group10|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group10style|}}}">{{{group10}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list10style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}">
{{{list10}}}</div></td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{list11|}}}|<tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr>{{#if:{{{group11|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group11style|}}}">{{{group11}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list11style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}">
{{{list11}}}</div></td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{list12|}}}|<tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr>{{#if:{{{group12|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group12style|}}}">{{{group12}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list12style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}">
{{{list12}}}</div></td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{list13|}}}|<tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr>{{#if:{{{group13|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group13style|}}}">{{{group13}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list13style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}">
{{{list13}}}</div></td></tr>}}{{#if:{{{list14|}}}|<tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr>{{#if:{{{group14|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group14style|}}}">{{{group14}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list14style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}">
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<div class="hlist {{{class|}}}" style="margin-left: {{#expr:{{{indent|0}}}*1.6}}em; {{{style|}}}">{{#if:{{{1|}}}|
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<includeonly>{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}} | {{{override|doc}}}
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| {{mbox
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| image = [[File:Edit-copy green.svg|40px]]
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'''This is a [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|documentation]] [[Wikipedia:Subpages|subpage]] for {{{1|[[:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]}}}'''.<br />It contains usage information, [[Wikipedia:Categorization|categories]], [[Help:Interlanguage links|interlanguage links]] and other content that is not part of the original {{ #if: {{{text2|}}} | {{{text2}}} | {{ #if: {{{text1|}}} | {{{text1}}} | {{ #ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} template page | {{ #if: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} |{{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} page|article}}}}}}}}.
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{{#ifeq: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | sandbox
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{{big|'''How to manage this template's visibility'''}}
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<span style="font-size:115%;">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude>
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}}<noinclude>
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{{<noinclude>
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Template:Diprotodontia

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{{Navbox with collapsible groups
|name = Diprotodontia
|state = collapsed
|bodystyle = background:white;
|title = Extant [[Diprotodontia]] species
|selected = {{{1|}}}

|above = Kingdom [[Animal|Animalia]]{{·}} Phylum [[Chordata]]{{·}} Class [[Mammalia]]{{·}} Infraclass [[Marsupialia]]

|group1 = Suborder [[Vombatiformes]]
|abbr1 = V.
|list1 = {{Navbox|child
| group1 = [[Phascolarctidae]]
| list1 = {{Navbox subgroup
| groupstyle = width:8.5em;
| liststyle = width:auto;
| group1 = ''[[Phascolarctos]]''
| list1 = [[Koala|Koala (''P. cinereus'')]]
}}

| group2 = [[Wombat|Vombatidae]]<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(Wombats)}}</span></small>
| list2 = {{Navbox subgroup
| groupstyle = width:8.5em;
| liststyle = width:auto;
| oddstyle = background:#f7f7f7;
| evenstyle = background:transparent;
| group1 = ''[[Common Wombat|Vombatus]]''
| list1 = [[Common Wombat|Common Wombat (''V. ursinus'')]]
| group2 = ''[[Lasiorhinus]]''
| list2 = [[Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat|Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat (''L. latifrons'')]]{{·}} [[Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat|Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat (''L. krefftii'')]]
}}
}}

|group2 = Suborder [[Possum|Phalangeriformes <small>(Possums)</small>]] {{nobold|(cont. below)}}
|abbr2 = P.
|list2 = {{Navbox|child
| group1 = [[Phalangeridae]]<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(including [[Cuscus|Cuscuses]])}}</span></small>
| list1 = {{Navbox subgroup
| groupstyle = width:9em;
| liststyle = width:auto;
| group1 = ''[[Bear cuscus|Ailurops]]''<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(Bear cuscuses)}}</span></small>
| list1 = [[Talaud Bear Cuscus|Talaud Bear Cuscus (''A. melanotis'')]]{{·}} [[Sulawesi Bear Cuscus|Sulawesi Bear Cuscus (''A. ursinus'')]]
| group2 = ''[[Phalanger]]''
| list2 = [[Gebe Cuscus|Gebe Cuscus (''P. alexandrae'')]]{{·}} [[Mountain Cuscus|Mountain Cuscus (''P. carmelitae'')]]{{·}} [[Ground Cuscus|Ground Cuscus (''P. gymnotis'')]]{{·}} [[Eastern Common Cuscus|Eastern Common Cuscus (''P. intercastellanus'')]]{{·}} [[Woodlark Cuscus|Woodlark Cuscus (''P. lullulae'')]]{{·}} [[Blue-eyed Cuscus|Blue-eyed Cuscus (''P. matabiru'')]]{{·}} [[Telefomin Cuscus|Telefomin Cuscus (''P. matanim'')]]{{·}} [[Southern Common Cuscus|Southern Common Cuscus (''P. mimicus'')]]{{·}} [[Northern Common Cuscus|Northern Common Cuscus (''P. orientalis'')]]{{·}} [[Ornate Cuscus|Ornate Cuscus (''P. ornatus'')]]{{·}} [[Rothschild's Cuscus|Rothschild's Cuscus (''P. rothschildi'')]]{{·}} [[Silky Cuscus|Silky Cuscus (''P. sericeus'')]]{{·}} [[Stein's Cuscus|Stein's Cuscus (''P. vestitus'')]]
| group3 = ''[[Spilocuscus]]''
| list3 = [[Admiralty Island Cuscus|Admiralty Island Cuscus (''S. kraemeri'')]]{{·}} [[Common Spotted Cuscus|Common Spotted Cuscus (''S. maculatus'')]]{{·}} [[Waigeou Cuscus|Waigeou Cuscus (''S. papuensis'')]]{{·}} [[Black-spotted Cuscus|Black-spotted Cuscus (''S. rufoniger'')]]{{·}} [[Blue-eyed Spotted Cuscus|Blue-eyed Spotted Cuscus (''S. wilsoni'')]]
| group4 = ''[[Strigocuscus]]''
| list4 = [[Sulawesi Dwarf Cuscus|Sulawesi Dwarf Cuscus (''S. celebensis'')]]{{·}} [[Banggai Cuscus|Banggai Cuscus (''S. pelegensis'')]]
| group5 = ''[[Brushtail possum|Trichosurus]]''<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(Brushtail possums)}}</span></small>
| list5 = [[Northern Brushtail Possum|Northern Brushtail Possum (''T. arnhemensis'')]]{{·}} [[Short-eared Possum|Short-eared Possum (''T. caninus'')]]{{·}} [[Mountain Brushtail Possum|Mountain Brushtail Possum (''T. cunninghami'')]]{{·}} [[Coppery Brushtail Possum|Coppery Brushtail Possum (''T. johnstonii'')]]{{·}} [[Common Brushtail Possum|Common Brushtail Possum (''T. vulpecula'')]]
| group6 = ''[[Scaly-tailed Possum|Wyulda]]''
| list6 = [[Scaly-tailed Possum|Scaly-tailed Possum (''W. squamicaudata'')]]
}}

| group2 = [[Pygmy possum|Burramyidae]]<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(Pygmy possums)}}</span></small>
| list2 = {{Navbox subgroup
| groupstyle = width:9em;
| liststyle = width:auto;
| group1 = ''[[Burramys]]''
| list1 = [[Mountain Pygmy Possum|Mountain Pygmy Possum (''B. parvus'')]]
| group2 = ''[[Cercartetus]]''
| list2 = [[Long-tailed Pygmy Possum|Long-tailed Pygmy Possum (''C. caudatus'')]]{{·}} [[Southwestern Pygmy Possum|Southwestern Pygmy Possum (''C. concinnus'')]]{{·}} [[Tasmanian Pygmy Possum|Tasmanian Pygmy Possum (''C. lepidus'')]]{{·}} [[Eastern Pygmy Possum|Eastern Pygmy Possum (''C. nanus'')]]
}}
}}

|group3 = Suborder [[Possum|Phalangeriformes <small>(Possums)</small>]] {{nobold|(cont. above)}}
|abbr3 = P.1
|list3 = {{Navbox|child
| group1 = [[Honey Possum|Tarsipedidae]]
| list1 = {{Navbox subgroup
| groupstyle = width:9.5em;
| liststyle = width:auto;
| group1 = ''[[Honey Possum|Tarsipes]]''
| list1 = [[Honey Possum|Honey Possum (''T. rostratus'')]]
}}

| group2 = [[Petauridae]]
| list2 = {{Navbox subgroup
| groupstyle = width:9.5em;
| liststyle = width:auto;

| group1 = ''[[Dactylopsila]]''
| list1 = [[Great-tailed Triok|Great-tailed Triok (''D. megalura'')]]{{·}} [[Long-fingered Triok|Long-fingered Triok (''D. palpator'')]]{{·}} [[Tate's Triok|Tate's Triok (''D. tatei'')]]{{·}} [[Striped Possum|Striped Possum (''D. trivirgata'')]]
| group2 = ''[[Leadbeater's Possum|Gymnobelideus]]''
| list2 = [[Leadbeater's Possum|Leadbeater's Possum (''G. leadbeateri'')]]
| group3 = ''[[Petaurus]]''
| list3 = [[Northern Glider|Northern Glider (''P. abidi'')]]{{·}} [[Yellow-bellied Glider|Yellow-bellied Glider (''P. australis'')]]{{·}} [[Biak Glider|Biak Glider (''P. biacensis'')]]{{·}} [[Sugar Glider|Sugar Glider (''P. breviceps'')]]{{·}} [[Mahogany Glider|Mahogany Glider (''P. gracilis'')]]{{·}} [[Squirrel Glider|Squirrel Glider (''P. norfolcensis'')]]
}}

| group3 = [[Pseudocheiridae]]
| list3 = {{Navbox subgroup
| groupstyle = width:9.5em;
| liststyle = width:auto;
| group1 = ''[[Lemur-like Ringtail Possum|Hemibelideus]]''
| list1 = [[Lemur-like Ringtail Possum|Lemur-like Ringtail Possum (''H. lemuroides'')]]
| group2 = ''[[Greater Glider|Petauroides]]''
| list2 = [[Greater Glider|Greater Glider (''P. volans'')]]
| group3 = ''[[Rock-haunting Ringtail Possum|Petropseudes]]''
| list3 = [[Rock-haunting Ringtail Possum|Rock-haunting Ringtail Possum (''P. dahli'')]]
| group4 = ''[[Common Ringtail Possum|Pseudocheirus]]''
| list4 = [[Common Ringtail Possum|Common Ringtail Possum (''P. peregrinus'')]]
| group5 = ''[[Pseudochirulus]]''
| list5 = [[Lowland Ringtail Possum|Lowland Ringtail Possum (''P. canescens'')]]{{·}} [[Weyland Ringtail Possum|Weyland Ringtail Possum (''P. caroli'')]]{{·}} [[Cinereus Ringtail Possum|Cinereus Ringtail Possum (''P. cinereus'')]]{{·}} [[Painted Ringtail Possum|Painted Ringtail Possum (''P. forbesi'')]]{{·}} [[Herbert River Ringtail Possum|Herbert River Ringtail Possum (''P. herbertensis'')]]{{·}} [[Masked Ringtail Possum|Masked Ringtail Possum (''P. larvatus'')]]{{·}} [[Pygmy Ringtail Possum|Pygmy Ringtail Possum (''P. mayeri'')]]{{·}} [[Vogelkop Ringtail Possum|Vogelkop Ringtail Possum (''P. schlegeli'')]]
| group6 = ''[[Pseudochirops]]''
| list6 = [[D'Albertis' Ringtail Possum|D'Albertis' Ringtail Possum (''P. albertisii'')]]{{·}} [[Green Ringtail Possum|Green Ringtail Possum (''P. archeri'')]]{{·}} [[Plush-coated Ringtail Possum|Plush-coated Ringtail Possum (''P. corinnae'')]]{{·}} [[Reclusive Ringtail Possum|Reclusive Ringtail Possum (''P. coronatus'')]]{{·}} [[Coppery Ringtail Possum|Coppery Ringtail Possum (''P. cupreus'')]]
}}

| group4 = [[Acrobatidae]]
| list4 = {{Navbox subgroup
| groupstyle = width:9.5em;
| liststyle = width:auto;
| group1 = ''[[Feathertail Glider|Acrobates]]''
| list1 = [[Feathertail Glider|Feathertail Glider (''A. pygmaeus'')]]
| group2 = ''[[Feather-tailed Possum|Distoechurus]]''
| list2 = [[Feather-tailed Possum|Feather-tailed Possum (''D. pennatus'')]]
}}
}}

|group4 = Suborder [[Macropodiformes]] {{nobold|(cont. below)}}
|abbr4 = M.
|list4 = {{Navbox subgroup
| groupstyle = width:7em;
| liststyle = width:auto;

| group1 = [[Macropodidae]]<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(includes [[Wallaby|Wallabies]])}}</span></small>
| list1 = {{Navbox subgroup
| groupstyle = width:8em;
| liststyle = width:auto;

| group1 = ''[[Banded Hare-wallaby|Lagostrophus]]''
| list1 = [[Banded Hare-wallaby|Banded Hare-wallaby (''L. fasciatus'')]]
| group2 = ''[[Tree-kangaroo|Dendrolagus]]''<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(Tree-kangaroos)}}</span></small>
| list2 = [[Grizzled Tree-kangaroo|Grizzled Tree-kangaroo (''D. inustus'')]]{{·}} [[Lumholtz's Tree-kangaroo|Lumholtz's Tree-kangaroo (''D. lumholtzi'')]]{{·}} [[Bennett's Tree-kangaroo|Bennett's Tree-kangaroo (''D. bennettianus'')]]{{·}} [[Ursine Tree-kangaroo|Ursine Tree-kangaroo (''D. ursinus'')]]{{·}} [[Matschie's Tree-kangaroo|Matschie's Tree-kangaroo (''D. matschiei'')]]{{·}} [[Doria's Tree-kangaroo|Doria's Tree-kangaroo (''D. dorianus'')]]{{·}} [[Dendrolagus notatus|Ifola Tree Kangaroo (''D. notatus'')]]{{·}} [[Goodfellow's Tree-kangaroo|Goodfellow's Tree-kangaroo (''D. goodfellowi'')]]{{·}} [[Lowlands Tree-kangaroo|Lowlands Tree-kangaroo (''D. spadix'')]]{{·}} [[Golden-mantled Tree-kangaroo|Golden-mantled Tree-kangaroo (''D. pulcherrimus'')]]{{·}} [[Seri's Tree-kangaroo|Seri's Tree-kangaroo (''D. stellarum'')]]{{·}} [[Dingiso|Dingiso (''D. mbaiso'')]]{{·}} [[Tenkile|Tenkile (''D. scottae'')]]
| group3 = ''[[Dorcopsis]]''
| list3 = [[Brown Dorcopsis|Brown Dorcopsis (''D. muelleri'')]]{{·}} [[White-striped Dorcopsis|White-striped Dorcopsis (''D. hageni'')]]{{·}} [[Black Dorcopsis|Black Dorcopsis (''D. atrata'')]]{{·}} [[Gray Dorcopsis|Gray Dorcopsis (''D. luctuosa'')]]
| group4 = ''[[Dorcopsulus]]''
| list4 = [[Small Dorcopsis|Small Dorcopsis (''D. vanheurni'')]]{{·}} [[Macleay's Dorcopsis|Macleay's Dorcopsis (''D. macleayi'')]]
| group5 = ''[[Lagorchestes]]''
| list5 = [[Spectacled Hare-wallaby|Spectacled Hare-wallaby (''L. conspicillatus'')]]{{·}} [[Rufous Hare-wallaby|Rufous Hare-wallaby (''L. hirsutus'')]]
| group6 = ''[[Macropus]]''<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(includes [[Kangaroo|Kangaroos]]<br />and [[Wallaroo|Wallaroos]])}}</span></small>
| list6 = <u>Subgenus ''Notamacropus''</u>: [[Agile Wallaby|Agile Wallaby (''M. agilis'')]]{{·}} [[Black-striped Wallaby|Black-striped Wallaby (''M. dorsalis'')]]{{·}} [[Tammar Wallaby|Tammar Wallaby (''M. eugenii'')]]{{·}} [[Western Brush Wallaby|Western Brush Wallaby (''M. irma'')]]{{·}} [[Parma Wallaby|Parma Wallaby (''M. parma'')]]{{·}} [[Pretty-faced Wallaby|Pretty-faced Wallaby (''M. parryi'')]]{{·}} [[Red-necked Wallaby|Red-necked Wallaby (''M. rufogriseus'')]]<br /><u>Subgenus ''Osphranter''</u>: [[Antilopine Kangaroo|Antilopine Kangaroo (''M. antilopinus'')]]{{·}} [[Woodward's Wallaroo|Woodward's Wallaroo (''M. bernadus'')]]{{·}} [[Eastern Wallaroo|Eastern Wallaroo (''M. robustus'')]]{{·}} [[Red Kangaroo|Red Kangaroo (''M. rufus'')]]<br /><u>Subgenus ''Macropus''</u>: [[Western Grey Kangaroo|Western Grey Kangaroo (''M. fuliginosus'')]]{{·}} [[Eastern Grey Kangaroo|Eastern Grey Kangaroo (''M. giganteus'')]]
| group7 = ''[[Nail-tail wallaby|Onychogalea]]''<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(Nail-tail wallabies)}}</span></small>
| list7 = [[Bridled Nail-tail Wallaby|Bridled Nail-tail Wallaby (''O. fraenata'')]]{{·}} [[Northern Nail-tail Wallaby|Northern Nail-tail Wallaby (''O. unguifera'')]]
| group8 = ''[[Rock-wallaby|Petrogale]]''<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(Rock-wallabies)}}</span></small>
| list8 = <u>''P. brachyotis'' species-group</u>: [[Short-eared Rock-wallaby|Short-eared Rock-wallaby (''P. brachyotis'')]]{{·}} [[Monjon|Monjon (''P. burbidgei'')]]{{·}} [[Nabarlek|Nabarlek (''P. concinna'')]]<br /><u>''P. xanthopus'' species-group</u>: [[Proserpine Rock-wallaby|Proserpine Rock-wallaby (''P. persephone'')]]{{·}} [[Rothschild's Rock-wallaby|Rothschild's Rock-wallaby (''P. rothschildi'')]]{{·}} [[Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby|Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby (''P. xanthopus'')]]<br /><u>''P. lateralis/penicillata'' species-group</u>: [[Allied Rock-wallaby|Allied Rock-wallaby (''P. assimilis'')]]{{·}} [[Cape York Rock-wallaby|Cape York Rock-wallaby (''P. coenensis'')]]{{·}} [[Godman's Rock-wallaby|Godman's Rock-wallaby (''P. godmani'')]]{{·}} [[Herbert's Rock-wallaby|Herbert's Rock-wallaby (''P. herberti'')]]{{·}} [[Unadorned Rock-wallaby|Unadorned Rock-wallaby (''P. inornata'')]]{{·}} [[Black-flanked Rock-wallaby|Black-flanked Rock-wallaby (''P. lateralis'')]]{{·}} [[Mareeba Rock-wallaby|Mareeba Rock-wallaby (''P. mareeba'')]]{{·}} [[Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby|Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby (''P. penicillata'')]]{{·}} [[Purple-necked Rock-wallaby|Purple-necked Rock-wallaby (''P. purpureicollis'')]]{{·}} [[Mt. Claro Rock-wallaby|Mt. Claro Rock-wallaby (''P. sharmani'')]]
| group9 = ''[[Quokka|Setonix]]''
| list9 = [[Quokka|Quokka (''S. brachyurus'')]]
| group10 = ''[[Pademelon|Thylogale]]''<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(Pademelons)}}</span></small>
| list10 = [[Tasmanian Pademelon|Tasmanian Pademelon (''T. billardierii'')]]{{·}} [[Brown's Pademelon|Brown's Pademelon (''T. browni'')]]{{·}} [[Dusky Pademelon|Dusky Pademelon (''T. brunii'')]]{{·}} [[Calaby's Pademelon|Calaby's Pademelon (''T. calabyi'')]]{{·}} [[Mountain Pademelon|Mountain Pademelon (''T. lanatus'')]]{{·}} [[Red-legged Pademelon|Red-legged Pademelon (''T. stigmatica'')]]{{·}} [[Red-necked Pademelon|Red-necked Pademelon (''T. thetis'')]]
| group11 = ''[[Swamp Wallaby|Wallabia]]''
| list11 = [[Swamp Wallaby|Swamp Wallaby (''W. bicolor'')]]
}}
}}

|group5 = Suborder [[Macropodiformes]] {{nobold|(cont. above)}}
|abbr5 = M.1
|list5 = {{Navbox|child
| group1 = [[Potoroidae]]
| list1 = {{Navbox subgroup
| groupstyle = width:10em;
| liststyle = width:auto;
| group1 = ''[[Rufous Rat-kangaroo|Aepyprymnus]]''
| list1 = [[Rufous Rat-kangaroo|Rufous Rat-kangaroo (''A. rufescens'')]]
| group2 = ''[[Bettong|Bettongia]]''<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(Bettongs)}}</span></small>
| list2 = [[Eastern Bettong|Eastern Bettong (''B. gaimardi'')]]{{·}} [[Boodie|Boodie (''B. lesueur'')]]{{·}} [[Woylie|Woylie (''B. penicillata'')]]{{·}} [[Northern Bettong|Northern Bettong (''B. tropica'')]]
| group3 = ''[[Potoroo|Potorous]]''<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(Potoroos)}}</span></small>
| list3 = [[Long-footed Potoroo|Long-footed Potoroo (''P. longipes'')]]{{·}} [[Long-nosed Potoroo|Long-nosed Potoroo (''P. tridactylus'')]]{{·}} [[Gilbert's Potoroo|Gilbert's Potoroo (''. gilbertii'')]]
}}

| group2 = [[Hypsiprymnodontidae]]
| list2 = {{Navbox subgroup
| groupstyle = width:10em;
| liststyle = width:auto;

| group1 = ''[[Musky Rat-kangaroo|Hypsiprymnodon]]''
| list1 = [[Musky Rat-kangaroo|Musky Rat-kangaroo (''H. moschatus)]]
}}
}}

}}<noinclude>
{{Documentation|Wikipedia:WikiProject Mammals/Article templates/doc}}
</noinclude>

Sugar glider

2014-10-05T17:51:30Z

WikiAdmin: Created page with "{{Taxobox | name = Sugar glider<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=55}}</ref> | image = Sugarglider hp.jpg | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn..."

{{Taxobox
| name = Sugar glider<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=55}}</ref>
| image = Sugarglider hp.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Salas, L., Dickman, C., Helgen, K., Winter, J., Ellis, M., Denny, M., Woinarski, J., Lunney, D., Oakwood, M., Menkhorst, P. & Strahan, R.|year=2008|id=16731|title=Petaurus breviceps|downloaded=28 December 2008}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern</ref>
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| infraclassis = [[Marsupialia]]
| ordo = [[Diprotodontia]]
| familia = [[Petauridae]]
| genus = ''[[Petaurus]]''
| species = '''''P. breviceps'''''
| binomial = ''Petaurus breviceps''
| binomial_authority = [[George Robert Waterhouse|Waterhouse]], 1839
| range_map = Petaurus breviceps distribution.png
| range_map_caption =
<table border = 0>
<tr><th width = 194>Sugar glider natural range:</th></tr>
<tr><td><table border = 0>
<tr><td align = left>Red:</td><td align=left><span style="color:#f00;">''P. b. breviceps''</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align = left>Blue:</td><td align=left><span style="color:#00f;">''P. b. longicaudatus''</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align = left>Dk Green:</td><td align=left><span style="color:#060;">''P. b. ariel''</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align = left>Gold:</td><td align=left><span style="color:#cc0;">''P. b. flavidus''</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align = left>Magenta:</td><td align=left><span style="color:#f0f;">''P. b. papuanus''</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align = left>Lt Green:</td><td align=left><span style="color:#0c0;">''P. b. tafa''</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align = left>Black:</td><td align=left><span style="color:#333;">''P. b. biacensis''</span></td></tr>
</table></td></tr>
</table>
}}

The '''sugar glider''' (''Petaurus breviceps'') is a small [[gliding possum]] originating from the [[marsupial]] Infraclass.<ref>[http://australian-animals.net/sugar.htm Sugar Glider – Unique Australian Animals]</ref><ref>[http://www.australiazoo.com.au/our-animals/amazing-animals/mammals/?mammal=possums_and_gliders Possums and Gliders]. Australia Zoo</ref><ref>[http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/possums.htm Australian Possums]</ref>

The sugar glider is native to eastern and northern mainland [[Australia]] (as well as being introduced to [[Tasmania]], Australia) and is also native to [[New Guinea]] and the [[Bismarck Archipelago]].

== Habitat ==
Sugar gliders can be found all throughout the northern and eastern parts of mainland Australia, as well as the surrounding islands of Tasmania, Papua, New Guinea, and Indonesia. They can be found in any forest where there is food supply but are commonly found in forests with eucalyptus trees. They are [[nocturnal]], meaning they sleep in their [[nest]]s during the day and are active at night. At night, they hunt for insects and small [[vertebrates]] and feed on the sweet [[sap]] of certain species of [[eucalyptus]], [[acacia]] and gum trees.<ref name="dpiw.tas.gov.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/webpages/bhan-53j8xs?open |title=Sugar Glider |publisher=Department of Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania |date=28 October 2009 |accessdate=22 June 2010}}</ref> The sugar glider is named for its preference for nectarous foods and its ability to glide through the air, much like a [[flying squirrel]].<ref name="dpiw.tas.gov.au"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australianfauna.com/sugarglider.php |title=Sugar Glider – Australian Fauna |publisher=Australianfauna.com |accessdate=22 June 2010}}</ref>

When suitable [[habitat]]s are present, sugar gliders can be seen 1 per 1,000 square meters provided that there are tree hollows available for shelter. They live in groups of up to eight adults, plus the current season's young, all sharing a nest and defending their territory, an example of [[helpers at the nest|helping at the nest]]. A dominant adult male will mark his territory and members of the group with saliva and a scent produced by separate glands on the forehead and chest. Intruders who lack the appropriate scent marking are expelled violently.<ref name="dpiw.tas.gov.au"/>

== Appearance and anatomy ==
The sugar glider has a squirrel-like body with a long ''partially''<ref>http://www.webvet.com/main/article/id/1815</ref> [[prehensile tail]]. The males are larger than the females, and their length from the nose to the tip of the tail is about 24 to 30 cm (12–13 inches, the body itself is approx. 5–6 inches). A sugar glider has a thick, soft [[fur]] coat that is usually blue-grey; some have been known to be yellow, tan, or [[albino]]. A black stripe is seen from its nose to midway of its back. Its belly, throat, and chest is a cream color.

It has five digits on each foot, each having a claw, except for the opposable toe on the hindfeet. Also on the hindfeet, the second and third digits are partially [[syndactylous]] (fused) together to form a grooming comb.<ref name="hilltopanimalhospital.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hilltopanimalhospital.com/sugarglider.htm |title=A guide to medicine and surgery in sugar gliders |publisher=Hilltopanimalhospital.com |accessdate=22 June 2010}}</ref> Its most striking feature is the [[patagium]], or membrane, that extends from the fifth finger to the first toe. When legs are stretched out, this membrane allows it to glide distances of 50–150 meters. This gliding is regulated by changing the curvature of the membrane or moving the legs and tail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drsfostersmith.com/pic/article.cfm?aid=799 |title=Sugar Glider Fun Facts |publisher=Drsfostersmith.com |accessdate=22 June 2010}}</ref>

Another feature are the scent glands, located on the [[frontal]] (forehead), [[sternal]] (chest), and [[paracloacal]] (cloaca). These are used for marking purposes, mainly for the males. The frontal is easily seen on adult males as a bald spot. The male also has a [[wikt:bifurcation|bifurcated]] (two shafts) penis. The female has a [[marsupium]] (pouch) in the middle of her abdomen to carry offspring.<ref name="hilltopanimalhospital.com"/>

== Torpor ==
During the cold season, drought, or rainy nights, a sugar glider's activity is reduced. This is usually seen due to [[torpor]]. In the winter season or drought, there is a decrease in food supply, which is a challenge for this [[marsupial]] because of the energy cost for the maintenance of its metabolism,<ref name="arjournals.annualreviews.org">{{cite journal |url=http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.115105 |first=Fritz |last=Geiser |title=Metabolic Rate and Body Temperature Reduction During Hibernation and Daily Torpor |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=239–274 |date=March 2004 |doi=10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.115105 |journal=Annual Review of Physiology |date=15 October 2003 |accessdate=22 June 2010}}</ref> locomotion, and thermoregulation. With energetic constraints, the sugar glider will enter into daily [[torpor]] for 2–23 hours while in rest phase.<ref name="springerlink.com">{{cite journal |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/6ku64m3rhn9n4fl7/ |first=Gerhard |last=Körtner |coauthors=Fritz Geiser |title=Torpor and activity patterns in free-ranging sugar gliders ''Petaurus breviceps'' (Marsupialia) |journal=Oecologia |volume=123 |issue=3 |date=May 2000 |pages=350–357 |doi=10.1007/s004420051021 |accessdate=22 June 2010}}</ref> However, before entering torpor, a sugar glider will reduce activity and body temperature normality in order to lower energy expenditure and avoid torpor.<ref name="arjournals.annualreviews.org"/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/m5753w4237261416/ |first=Nereda |last=Christian |coauthors=Fritz Geiser |title=To use or not to use torpor? Activity and body temperature as predictors |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=483–487 |date=June 2007 |doi=10.1007/s00114-007-0215-5 |accessdate=22 June 2010}}</ref>

Torpor, which is seen as an emergency measure, allows the animal to save energy by allowing its body temperature to fall to a minimum of 10.4 °C<ref name="springerlink.com"/> to 19.6 °C.<ref name="springerlink1">{{cite journal |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/w08813m1615178x4/ |first=Fritz |last=Geiser |coauthors=Joanne C. Holloway and Gerhard Körtner |title=Thermal biology, torpor and behaviour in sugar gliders: a laboratory-field comparison |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology |volume=177 |issue=5 |pages=495–501 |date=July 2007 |doi=10.1007/s00360-007-0147-6 |accessdate=22 June 2010}}</ref> When the food is scarce, as in winter, heat production is lowered in order to reduce energy expenditure.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11765973}}</ref> With low energy and heat production, it is important for the sugar glider to peak its body mass by fat content in autumn (May/June)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/weather/ |title=Australian weather and the seasons |work=Australia's Culture Portal |publisher=Cultureandrecreation.gov.au |date=17 March 2008 |accessdate=22 June 2010}}</ref> in order to survive the following cold season. In the wild, sugar gliders enter into daily torpor more often than sugar gliders in captivity.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="springerlink1"/>

== Diet and nutrition ==
Like many exotic animals, the sugar glider can suffer from [[calcium]] deficiencies if it is not fed an adequate diet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nessexotic.com/portals/0/docs/sugargliders.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Care of Hamsters.doc |format=PDF |accessdate=22 June 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Calcium to [[phosphorus]] ratios should be 2:1 to prevent [[hypocalcemia]], sometimes known as hind leg paralysis (HLP).<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1094919407000023 | title = Emergency and Critical Care Procedures in Sugar Gliders (Petaurus breviceps), African Hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris), and Prairie Dogs (Cynomys spp) | journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 533–555 | author=A. Lennox}}</ref>

In the wild, gliders live off gum and sap (typically from the [[eucalyptus]]), acacia trees, nectar and pollen, manna and honeydew and a wide variety of insects and arachnids. A captive glider's diet should be 50% insects (gut-loaded) or other sources of protein, 25% fruit and 25% vegetables.{{clarify|date=October 2010}}<ref>Conservation and natural resources, 1995 Mammals of Victoria, ed. by Menkhorst. P., Oxford University Press, South Melbourne ISBN 0-19-553733-5</ref>

Some of the more recognized diets are BML, HPW, various calcium rich diets and LBM. These diets are proper protein supplements for captive sugar gliders.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}

== Breeding ==
The age of sexual maturity in sugar gliders varies slightly between the males and females. The males reach maturity between 4–12 months old, while females reach maturity between 8–12 months. In the wild, sugar gliders breed once or twice a year depending on the climate and habitat conditions, while they can breed multiple times a year in captivity as a result of consistent living conditions and proper diet.<ref name="hilltopanimalhospital.com"/>

A sugar glider female has one (19%) or two (81%) joeys a litter. The gestation period is 15 to 17 days, after which the baby sugar glider (0.2 g) will crawl into a mother's pouch for further development. It is virtually unnoticeable that the female is pregnant until after the joey has climbed into her pouch and begins to grow, forming bumps in her pouch. Once in the pouch, the joey will attach itself to its mother's nipple, where it will stay for about 60 to 70 days. The joey gradually spills out of the pouch until it falls out completely. The mother can get pregnant while her joeys are still ip (in pouch) and hold the pregnancy until the pouch is available. Their eyes will remain closed for another 12–14 days, and they are virtually furless at first. During this time, they will begin to mature by growing fur and increasing gradually in size. It is about two months for the offspring to be completely weaned off of the mother, and at four months, they are on their own.<ref name="hilltopanimalhospital.com"/>

== Conservation status ==
Unlike many native Southern Australian animals, particularly smaller ones, the sugar glider is not [[endangered species|endangered]].<ref>[http://www.monash.vic.gov.au/environment/accounts.htm Gliders – Monash University]{{dead link|date=June 2010}}</ref> Despite the massive loss of natural habitat in Australia over the last 200 years, it is adaptable and capable of living in surprisingly small patches of remnant bush, particularly if it does not have to cross large expanses of clear-felled land to reach them. Several close relatives, however, ''are'' endangered, particularly [[Leadbeater's Possum]] and the [[Mahogany Glider]]. The sugar glider is protected by law in South Australia, where it is illegal to keep them without a permit<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/animalwelfare/licences/fauna.html |title=Fauna Permits – Government of South Australia |publisher=Environment.sa.gov.au |date=3 July 1972 |accessdate=22 June 2010}}</ref> or to capture or sell them without a license (which is usually only issued for research).

== As pets ==
[[Image:Petaurus breviceps.jpg|thumb|Male sugar glider on a table]]
Around the world, the sugar glider is a popular domestic pet, but is one of the most commonly traded wild animals in the illegal pet trade, where animals are plucked directly from their natural habitats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://animal.discovery.com/tv/fatal-attractions/exotic-pet-trade-overview.html |title=Insider the Exotic Pet Trade: Fatal Attractions |publisher=discovery.com |accessdate=22 October 2010}}</ref> In Australia, sugar gliders can be kept in Victoria, South Australia and the Northern Territory but not Western Australia, New South Wales, ACT or Tasmania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dixiglen.com.au/sugargliders.html |title=DixiGliders}}</ref>

Sugar gliders are popular as pets in the United States, where they are bred in large numbers. Most states and cities allow sugar gliders as pets, with some exceptions including [[California]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Illegal pets in California |url=http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/nuis_exo/ferret/ferret_issues_table6.html |accessdate=16 June 2011}}</ref> [[Hawaii]], [[Alaska]], [[Pennsylvania]] and [[Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=MassWildlife Keeping Captive Exotic Wildlife |url=http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/regulations/regulations_exotic.htm#categories |accessdate=6 September 2011}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
There are seven [[subspecies]] of ''P. breviceps'':
* ''P. b. breviceps'' ([[George Robert Waterhouse|Waterhouse]], 1839)
* ''P. b. longicaudatus'' ([[H.A. Longman|Longman]], 1924)
* ''P. b. ariel'' ([[John Gould|Gould]], 1842)
* ''P. b. flavidus'' ([[George Henry Hamilton Tate|Tate]] & [[Richard Archbold|Archbold]], 1935)
* ''P. b. papuanus'' ([[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1888)
* ''P. b. tafa'' ([[George Henry Hamilton Tate|Tate]] & [[Richard Archbold|Archbold]], 1935)
* ''P. b. biacensis'' ([[Frederick A. Ulmer|Ulmer]], 1940)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Cronin, Leonard. ''Key Guide to Australian Mammals'', published by Reed Books Pty. Ltd., Sydney, 1991 ISBN 0-7301-0355-2
* van der Beld, John. ''Nature of Australia: A portrait of the island continent'', co-published by William Collins Pty. Ltd. and ABC Enterprises for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney, 1988 (revised edition 1992), ISBN 0-7333-0241-6
* Russell, Rupert. ''Spotlight on Possums'', published by University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Queensland, 1980, ISBN 0-7022-1478-7
* Troughton, Ellis. ''Furred Animals of Australia'', published by Angus and Robertson (Publishers) Pty. Ltd, Sydney, 1941 (revised edition 1973), ISBN 0-207-12256-3
* Morcombe, Michael & Irene. ''Mammals of Australia'', published by Australian Universities Press Pty. Ltd, Sydney, 1974, ISBN 0-7249-0017-9
* Ride, W. D. L.. ''A Guide to the Native Mammals of Australia'', published by Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1970, ISBN 19 550252 3
* Serventy, Vincent. ''Wildlife of Australia'', published by Thomas Nelson (Australia) Ltd., Melbourne, 1968 (revised edition 1977), ISBN 0-17-005168-4
* Serventy, Vincent (editor). ''Australia's Wildlife Heritage'', published by Paul Hamlyn Pty. Ltd., Sydney, 1975

== External links ==
{{commons|Petaurus breviceps}}
{{wikispecies|Petaurus breviceps}}
* [http://www.wildlife.org.au/wildlife.php?page=w-gliders1.html Gliders in the Spotlight]—[[Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland]]
* [http://www.australianfauna.com/sugarglider.php Sugar Glider]—Australian Fauna
* [http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/wildlife/mammals/sugglid.html Information about the Sugar Glider] from Tasmanian Parks

{{Diprotodontia|P.1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sugar Glider}}
[[Category:Gliding possums]]

Template:Today's featured article

2014-10-05T17:48:12Z

WikiAdmin: Created page with "<div style="float:left;margin:0.5em 0.9em 0.4em 0">Squirrel glider</div> The '''squirrel glider''' is a gliding possu..."

<div style="float:left;margin:0.5em 0.9em 0.4em 0">[[File:Squirrel-Glider-at-Lone-Pine.jpg|thumb|left|Squirrel glider]]</div>

The '''[[squirrel glider]]''' is a gliding possum, one of the wrist-winged gliders of the genus ''[[Petaurus]]''. The species' home range extends from Bordertown near the South Australian/Victorian Border through south-eastern Australia to northern Queensland. This species was thought to be extinct in South Australia since 1939 until a genetic test confirmed their presence in the area.

Like most of the wrist-winged gliders, the squirrel glider is endemic to Australia. It is about twice the size of the related [[sugar glider]]. Its body is 18–23 cm long and its tail measures at 22–33 cm long. They have blue-grey or brown-grey fur on their back and a white belly. The end of their tail is black and they have a black stripe from their eyes to the mid-back. They have a flying membrane that extends from their 5th front toe to the back of their foot on both sides.

Squirrel gliders are often mistaken for flying squirrels of North America. These two species aren’t related at all. The flying squirrel is a placental mammal and the squirrel glider is a marsupial like koalas and kangaroos.

('''[[Squirrel glider|more...]]''')

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2014-10-05T17:46:47Z

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__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__

Chordate

2014-10-05T17:42:32Z

WikiAdmin:

{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Chordata
| fossil_range = Early [[Cambrian]] – Recent, {{fossil range|540|0}}
|image = Pristella maxillaris.jpg
| image_caption = The X-ray tetra (''[[Pristella maxillaris]]''), is one of the few chordates with a visible [[Vertebral column|backbone]]. The [[spinal cord]] is housed within its backbone.
| taxon = Chordata
| authority = [[William Bateson|Bateson]], 1885
| subdivision_ranks = [[Class (biology)|Classes]]
| subdivision =
See [[Chordate#Classification|below]]
}}
The '''Chordates''' are [[animal]]s that comprise the [[phylum]] '''Chordata'''. Taxonomically the phylum Chordata includes three subphyla: [[Tunicate|Tunicata]]; [[Cephalochordata]], comprising the [[lancelet]]s; and the [[Craniata]], or [[vertebrate|Vertebrata]]. The common attributes of the Chordata include having, for at least some period of their life cycles, a [[notochord]], a hollow [[dorsal nerve cord]], [[pharyngeal slit]]s, an [[endostyle]], and a post-anal [[tail]]. The phylum [[Hemichordata]] has been presented as a fourth chordate subphylum, but it now is usually treated as a separate phylum.
==Overview of affinities==
Tunicate larvae have both a notochord and a nerve cord which are lost in adulthood. Cephalochordates have a notochord and a nerve cord (but no [[brain]] or specialist sensory organs) and a very simple [[circulatory system]]. Craniates are the only subphylum whose members have [[skull]]s. In all craniates except for [[hagfish]], the dorsal hollow nerve cord is surrounded with [[cartilaginous]] or bony vertebrae and the notochord is generally reduced; hence, hagfish are not universally regarded as vertebrates, though recent DNA comparisons suggest that they are in fact vertebrates. The chordates and three sister [[phylum|phyla]], the [[Hemichordata]], the [[Echinodermata]] and the [[Xenoturbellida]], make up the [[deuterostomes]], one of the two [[superphylum|superphyla]] that encompass all fairly complex animals.

Attempts to work out the evolutionary relationships of the chordates have produced several hypotheses. The current consensus is that chordates are [[monophyletic]], meaning that the Chordata include all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor ''which is itself a chordate'', and that craniates' nearest relatives are cephalochordates. All of the earliest chordate [[fossil]]s have been found in the Early [[Cambrian]] [[Chengjiang fauna]], and include two species that are regarded as [[fish]], which implies they are vertebrates. Because the fossil record of chordates is poor, only [[molecular phylogenetics]] offers a reasonable prospect of dating their emergence. However, the use of molecular phylogenetics for dating evolutionary transitions is controversial.

It has also proved difficult to produce a detailed classification within the living chordates. Attempts to produce evolutionary "[[phylogenetic tree|family trees]]" give results that differ from traditional [[class (biology)|classes]] because several of those classes are not monophyletic. As a result, vertebrate classification is in a state of flux.

==Definition==
{{Annotated image | caption=Anatomy of the [[cephalochordate]] ''[[Amphioxus]]''. Bolded items are components of all chordates at some point in their lifetimes, and distinguish them from other phyla.
| image=BranchiostomaLanceolatum PioM.svg | width=400 | image-width=400 | height=340
| image-top=0 | image-left=0 | float=right
| annotations=
{{Annotation|5|145|1 {{=}} bulge in [[spinal cord]] ("brain")}}
{{Annotation|5|165|2 {{=}} '''[[notochord]]''' }}
{{Annotation|5|185|3 {{=}} '''[[dorsal nerve cord]]''' }}
{{Annotation|5|205|4 {{=}} '''post-anal tail''' }}
{{Annotation|5|225|5 {{=}} [[anus]] }}
{{Annotation|5|245|6 {{=}} [[alimentary canal {{!}} digestive canal]] }}
{{Annotation|5|265|7 {{=}} [[circulatory system]] }}
{{Annotation|5|285|8 {{=}} [[atriopore]] }}
{{Annotation|5|305|9 {{=}} space above [[pharynx]] }}
{{Annotation|5|325|10 {{=}} '''[[pharyngeal slit]]''' ([[gill]]) }}

{{Annotation|200|145|11 {{=}} [[pharynx]] }}
{{Annotation|200|165|12 {{=}} [[Vestibule of mouth{{!}}vestibule]] }}
{{Annotation|200|185|13 {{=}} oral [[cilium|cirri]] }}
{{Annotation|200|205|14 {{=}} mouth opening }}
{{Annotation|200|225|15 {{=}} [[gonads]] ([[ovary]] / [[testicle]]) }}
{{Annotation|200|245|16 {{=}} light sensor }}
{{Annotation|200|265|17 {{=}} [[nerves]] }}
{{Annotation|200|285|18 {{=}} [[metapleural fold]] }}
{{Annotation|200|305|19 {{=}} [[hepatic caecum]] ([[liver]]-like sack) }}
}}
Chordates form a [[phylum]] of creatures that are based on a bilateral [[body plan]],<ref>{{cite book
| last = Valentine | first = J.W. | year = 2004 | title = On the Origin of Phyla
| publisher = University Of Chicago Press | location = Chicago | isbn = 0-226-84548-6
| page=7
}}"<cite>Classifications of organisms in hierarchical systems were in use by the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Usually organisms were grouped according to their morphological similarities as perceived by those early workers, and those groups were then grouped according to ''' their''' similarities, and so on, to form a hierarchy.</cite>"
</ref> and is defined by having at some stage in their lives all of the following:<ref name="RychelSmithShimamotoSwalla2006">{{cite journal
| author=Rychel, A.L., Smith, S.E., Shimamoto, H.T., and Swalla, B.J. | year=2006
| title=Evolution and Development of the Chordates: Collagen and Pharyngeal Cartilage
| journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | issue=3 | pages=541–549 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msj055
| volume=23
| pmid=16280542
}}</ref>
*A [[notochord]], in other words a fairly stiff rod of [[cartilage]] that extends along the inside of the body. Among the vertebrate sub-group of chordates the notochord develops into the [[Vertebral column|spine]], and in wholly aquatic species this helps the animal to swim by flexing its tail.
*A [[Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|dorsal]] [[neural tube]]. In fish and other [[vertebrate]]s this develops into the [[spinal cord]], the main communications trunk of the [[nervous system]].
*[[Pharyngeal slit]]s. The [[pharynx]] is the part of the [[throat]] immediately behind the mouth. In [[fish]] the slits are modified to form [[gills]], but in some other chordates they are part of a [[filter feeding|filter-feeding]] system that extracts particles of food from the water in which the animals live.
*Post-anal tail. A muscular tail that extends backwards behind the [[anus]].
*An [[endostyle]]. This is a groove in the [[Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|ventral]] wall of the pharynx. In [[filter feeding|filter-feeding]] species it produces [[mucus]] to gather food particles, which helps in transporting food to the [[esophagus]].<ref name="Ruppert2005">{{cite journal
| author=Ruppert, E. | journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology | volume=83 | pages=8–23 | year=2005
| doi = 10.1139/Z04-158
| title=Key characters uniting hemichordates and chordates: homologies or homoplasies?
| url=http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/RPAS/RPViewDoc?_handler_=HandleInitialGet&articleFile=z04-158.pdf&journal=cjz&volume=83
| accessdate=2008-09-22
}}</ref> It also stores [[iodine]], and may be a precursor of the vertebrate [[thyroid]] gland.<ref name="RychelSmithShimamotoSwalla2006" />
{{clear}}

==Subdivisions==
===Craniata===
{{main|Craniata}}
[[Image:Pacific hagfish Myxine.jpg|thumb|right|Craniate: [[Hagfish]] ]]

[[Craniate]]s, one of the three subdivisions of chordates, have distinct [[skull]]s - including [[hagfish]], which have no [[vertebrae]]. [[Michael J. Benton]] comments, "craniates are characterized by their heads, just as chordates, or possibly all [[deuterostomes]], are by their tails."
<ref>{{cite book
| author=Benton, M.J. | title=Vertebrate Palaeontology: Biology and Evolution
| publisher=Blackwell Publishing | year=2000 | isbn=0-632-05614-2 | pages=12–13
| url=http://books.google.com/?id=PQuKO7xqjNQC&dq=vertebrate&printsec=frontcover
| accessdate=2008-09-22}}</ref>

Most are [[vertebrate]]s, in which the [[notochord]] is replaced by the [[spinal column]].
<ref name="UCMPMorphologyOfVertebrates">{{cite web
| url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/vertmm.html | accessdate=2008-09-23
| title=Morphology of the Vertebrates | publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology}}</ref>

This consists of a series of bony or cartilaginous [[cylinder (geometry)|cylindrical]] vertebrae, generally with [[neural arch]]es that protect the [[spinal cord]] and with projections that link the vertebrae. [[Hagfish]] have incomplete [[braincase]]s and no vertebrae, and are therefore not regarded as vertebrates,<ref>{{cite web
| title=Introduction to the Myxini | publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology
| url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/basalfish/myxini.html | accessdate=2008-10-28}}</ref>
but as members of the craniates, the group from which vertebrates are thought to have [[evolution|evolved]].<ref>{{cite book
| author=[[Neil A. Campbell|Campbell, N.A.]] and [[Jane Reece|Reece, J.B.]] | year=2005
| title=Biology | edition=7th | publisher=Benjamin Cummings | location=San Francisco, CA
| isbn=0-8053-7095-1
}}</ref> The position of [[lamprey]]s is ambiguous. They have complete braincases and rudimentary vertebrae, and therefore may be regarded as vertebrates and true [[fish]].<ref>{{cite web
| title=Introduction to the Petromyzontiformes | publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology
| url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/basalfish/petro.html | accessdate=2008-10-28
}}</ref> However, [[molecular phylogenetics]], which uses [[biochemistry|biochemical]] features to classify organisms, has produced both results that group them with vertebrates and others that group them with hagfish.<ref>{{cite journal
| author=Shigehiro Kuraku, S., Hoshiyama, D., Katoh, K., Suga, H, and Miyata, T.
| title=Monophyly of Lampreys and Hagfishes Supported by Nuclear DNA-Coded Genes
| journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume=49 | issue=6 | pages=729–735 | month=December | year=1999
| doi=10.1007/PL00006595
| pmid=10594174
}}</ref>

===Cephalochordata: lancelets===
{{main|Lancelet}}
[[Image:Branchiostoma lanceolatum.jpg|thumb|Cephalochordate: [[Lancelet]]]]

[[Cephalochordate]]s are small, "vaguely fish-shaped" animals that lack brains, clearly defined heads and specialized sense organs.<ref>{{cite book
| author=Benton, M.J. | title=Vertebrate Palaeontology: Biology and Evolution
| publisher=Blackwell Publishing | year=2000 | isbn=0-632-05614-2 | page=6
| url=http://books.google.com/?id=PQuKO7xqjNQC&dq=vertebrate&printsec=frontcover
| accessdate=2008-09-22
}}</ref> These burrowing filter-feeders may be either the closest living relatives of craniates or surviving members of the group from which all other chordates evolved.<ref name="Gee2008AmphioxusUnleashed">{{cite journal
| author=Gee, H. | title=Evolutionary biology: The amphioxus unleashed
| journal=Nature | volume=453 | pages=999–1000 | month=June | year=2008 | doi=10.1038/453999a
| url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7198/full/453999a.html | accessdate=2008-09-22
| pmid=18563145
| issue=7198
|bibcode = 2008Natur.453..999G }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/branchiostoma.html | accessdate=2008-09-23
| title=Branchiostoma | publisher=Lander University
}}</ref>

===Urochordata: tunicates===
{{main|Tunicate}}
[[Image:BU Bio.jpg|thumb|left|Tunicates: sea squirts]]

Most [[tunicate]]s appear as adults in two major forms, both of which are soft-bodied filter-feeders that lack the standard features of chordates: "sea squirts" are sessile and consist mainly of water pumps and filter-feeding apparatus;<ref name="Benton2002VertebratePalaeontologyP5" /> [[salp]]s float in mid-water, feeding on [[plankton]], and have a two-generation cycle in which one generation is solitary and the next forms chain-like [[Colony (biology)|colonies]].<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/blueplanet/factfiles/jellies/salp_bg.shtml | accessdate=2008-09-22
| title=Animal fact files: salp | publisher=[[BBC]]
}}</ref> However, all tunicate [[larva]]e have the standard chordate features, including long, [[tadpole]]-like tails; they also have rudimentary brains, light sensors and tilt sensors.<ref name="Benton2002VertebratePalaeontologyP5" /> The third main group of tunicates, [[Appendicularia]] (also known as Larvacea) retain tadpole-like shapes and active swimming all their lives, and were for a long time regarded as larvae of sea squirts or salps.<ref>{{cite web
| title=Appendicularia
| publisher=Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
| url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/electronic-books/pubs/tunicates/05-appendicularia.pdf
|format=PDF| accessdate=2008-10-28
}}</ref> Because of their larvae's long tails tunicates are also called [[urochordate]]s ("tail chordates").<ref name="Benton2002VertebratePalaeontologyP5">{{cite book
| author=Benton, M.J. | title=Vertebrate Palaeontology: Biology and Evolution
| publisher=Blackwell Publishing | year=2000 | isbn=0-632-05614-2 | page=5
| url=http://books.google.com/?id=PQuKO7xqjNQC&dq=vertebrate&printsec=frontcover
| accessdate=2008-09-22
}}</ref>

==Closest nonchordate relatives==
===Hemichordates===
{{main|Hemichordate}}
[[Image:Balanoglossus 01.png|thumb|upright|[[Enteropneust]] hemichordate: ''[[Balanoglossus]]'' ]]

[[Hemichordate]]s ("half (½) chordates") have some features similar to those of chordates: branchial openings that open into the [[pharynx]] and look rather like gill slits; stomochords, similar in composition to [[notochord]]s, but running in a circle round the "collar", which is ahead of the mouth; and a [[Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|dorsal]] nerve cord — but also a smaller [[Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|ventral]] nerve cord.

There are two living groups of hemichordates. The solitary [[enteropneust]]s, commonly known as "acorn worms", have long [[proboscis]]es and worm-like bodies with up to 200 branchial slits, are up to {{convert|2.5|m|ft}} long, and burrow though seafloor [[sediment]]s. [[Pterobranch]]s are [[colony (biology)|colonial]] animals, often less than {{convert|1|mm|in}} long individually, whose dwellings are interconnected. Each [[filter feeding|filter feeds]] by means of a pair of branched tentacles, and has a short, shield-shaped proboscis. The extinct [[graptolite]]s, colonial animals whose fossils look like tiny [[hacksaw]] blades, lived in tubes similar to those of pterobranchs.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chordata/hemichordata.html | accessdate=2008-09-22
| title=Introduction to the Hemichordata
| publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology
}}</ref>

===Echinoderms===
{{main|Echinoderm}}
[[Image:Sandstar 300.jpg|thumb|200px|Echinoderm: [[starfish]]]]
[[Echinoderm]]s differ from chordates and their other relatives in three conspicuous ways: instead of having [[bilateral symmetry]], they have [[radial symmetry]], meaning their body pattern is shaped like a wheel; they have [[tube feet]]; and their bodies are supported by [[skeleton]]s made of [[calcite]], a material not used by chordates. Their hard, calcified shells keep their bodies well protected from the environment, and these skeletons enclose their bodies, but are also covered by thin skins. The feet are powered by another unique feature of echinoderms, a [[water vascular system]] of canals that also functions as a "lung" and are surrounded by muscles that act as pumps. [[Crinoid]]s look rather like flowers, and use their feather-like arms to filter food particles out of the water; most live anchored to rocks, but a few can move very slowly. Other echinoderms are mobile and take a variety of body shapes, for example [[starfish]], [[sea urchin]]s and [[Holothuroidea|sea cucumbers]].<ref name="CowenHistLifeEd3P412">{{cite book
| author=Cowen, R. | title=History of Life | year=2000 | page=412
| publisher=Blackwell Science | edition=3rd | isbn=0-632-04444-6
}}</ref>

== Origins ==
The majority of animals more complex than [[jellyfish]] and other [[Cnidarians]] are split into two groups, the [[protostome]]s and [[deuterostome]]s, and chordates are deuterostomes.<ref name=Erwin20002>{{cite journal|author=Erwin, Douglas H.; Eric H. Davidson|date= July 1, 2002 |title=The last common bilaterian ancestor|journal=Development|volume=129|pages=3021–3032|url=http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/129/13/3021|pmid=12070079|issue=13}}</ref> It seems very likely the {{ma|555|million-year-old}} ''[[Kimberella]]'' was a member of the protostomes.<ref name=Fedonkin2007>{{The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota|New data on ''Kimberella'', the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications|Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A; Ivantsov, A.Y.|157|179|12}}</ref><ref name=Butterfield2006>{{cite journal
| author = Butterfield, N.J.
| year = 2006
| title = Hooking some stem-group "worms": fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale
| journal = Bioessays
| volume = 28
| issue = 12
| pages = 1161–6
| doi = 10.1002/bies.20507
| pmid = 17120226
}}</ref> If so, this means the protostome and deuterostome lineages must have split some time before ''Kimberella'' appeared — at least {{ma|558}}, and hence well before the start of the Cambrian {{ma|Cambrian}}.<ref name=Erwin20002 /> The [[Ediacaran]] fossil ''[[Ernietta]]'', from about {{ma|549|543}}, may represent a deuterostome animal.<ref>{{cite journal
| author=Dzik , J. | title=Organic membranous skeleton of the Precambrian metazoans from Namibia
| journal=Geology | month=June | year=1999 | volume=27 | issue=6 | pages=519–522
| url=http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/6/519 | accessdate=2008-09-22
| doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0519:OMSOTP>2.3.CO;2
|bibcode = 1999Geo....27..519D }} ''Ernettia'' is from the Kuibis formation, approximate date given by {{cite journal
| author=Waggoner, B. | title=The Ediacaran Biotas in Space and Time
| journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology | year=2003 | volume=43 | issue=1 | pages=104–113| doi=10.1093/icb/43.1.104
| url=http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/43/1/104 | accessdate=2008-09-22
| pmid=21680415
}}</ref>

[[Image:Haikouichthys4.png|thumb|''[[Haikouichthys]]'', from about {{ma|518}} in China, may be the earliest known fish.<ref name="ShuConwayMorrisHan2003Haikouichthys" />]]
Fossils of one major deuterostome group, the [[echinoderm]]s (whose modern members include [[starfish]], [[sea urchin]]s and [[crinoid]]s), are quite common from the start of the Cambrian, {{ma|542}}.<ref name="Bengtson2004">{{Cite journal | contribution=Early skeletal fossils
| author = Bengtson, S. | editor=Lipps, J.H., and Waggoner, B.M. | title=Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Biological Revolutions
| year = 2004
| journal = Paleontological Society Papers
| volume = 10
| pages = 67–78
| url = http://www.cosmonova.org/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021554/Bengtson2004ESF.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate=2008-07-18
}}</ref> The Mid [[Cambrian]] fossil ''[[Rhabdotubus johanssoni]]'' has been interpreted as a [[pterobranch]] hemichordate.<ref>{{cite journal
| author=Bengtson, S., and Urbanek, A. | month=October | year=2007
| title=''Rhabdotubus'', a Middle Cambrian rhabdopleurid hemichordate
| journal=Lethaia | volume=19 | issue=4| pages=293–308 | doi=10.1111/j.1502-3931.1986.tb00743.x
| url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120025616/abstract | accessdate=2008-09-23
}}</ref> Opinions differ about whether the [[Chengjiang fauna]] fossil ''[[Yunnanozoon]]'', from the earlier Cambrian, was a hemichordate or chordate.<ref name="ChenHangLi1996">{{cite journal
| author=Shu, D., Zhang, X. and Chen, L. | month=April | year=1996
| title= Reinterpretation of Yunnanozoon as the earliest known hemichordate
| journal=Nature| volume=380 | pages=428–430 | doi=10.1038/380428a0
|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v380/n6573/abs/380428a0.html | accessdate=2008-09-23 | issue=6573
|bibcode = 1996Natur.380..428S }}</ref><ref name="ChenHangLi1999">{{cite journal
| author=Chen, J-Y., Hang, D-Y., and Li, C.W.
| title=An early Cambrian craniate-like chordate
| journal=Nature | pages=518–522 | month=December | year=1999 | doi=10.1038/990080
| url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v402/n6761/abs/402518a0.html | accessdate=2008-09-23
| volume=402 | issue=6761 | bibcode=1999Natur.402..518C
}}</ref> Another fossil, ''[[Haikouella lanceolata]]'', also from the Chengjiang fauna, is interpreted as a chordate and possibly a craniate, as it shows signs of a heart, arteries, gill filaments, a tail, a neural chord with a brain at the front end, and possibly eyes — although it also had short tentacles round its mouth.<ref name="ChenHangLi1999" /> ''[[Haikouichthys]]'' and ''[[Myllokunmingia]]'', also from the Chengjiang fauna, are regarded as [[fish]].<ref name="ShuConwayMorrisHan2003Haikouichthys">{{cite journal
| author=Shu, D-G., Conway Morris, S., and Han, J
| title=Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys
| journal=Nature | volume=421 | pages=526–529 | month=January | year=2003 | doi=10.1038/nature01264
| url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6922/abs/nature01264.html | accessdate=2008-09-21
| pmid=12556891
| issue=6922 | bibcode=2003Natur.421..526S
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| author=Shu, D-G., Conway Morris, S., and Zhang, X-L.
| title=Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China
| journal=Nature | volume=402 | month=November | year=1999
| url=http://www.bios.niu.edu/davis/bios458/Shu1.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate=2008-09-23
| doi=10.1038/46965
| pages=42 | issue=6757 | bibcode=1999Natur.402...42S
}}</ref> ''[[Pikaia]]'', discovered much earlier but from the Mid Cambrian [[Burgess Shale]], is also regarded as a primitive chordate.<ref>{{cite journal
| author=Shu, D-G., Conway Morris, S., and Zhang, X-L.
| title=A ''Pikaia''-like chordate from the Lower Cambrian of China
| journal=Nature | volume=384 | pages= 157–158 | month=November | year=1996 | doi=10.1038/384157a0
| url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6605/abs/384157a0.html | accessdate=2008-09-23 | issue=6605
|bibcode = 1996Natur.384..157S }}</ref> On the other hand fossils of early chordates are very rare, since non-vertebrate chordates have no bones or teeth, and only one has been reported for the rest of the Cambrian.<ref name="ConwayMorris2008Metaspriggina">{{Cite journal
| last = Conway Morris | first = S.
| year = 2008
| title = A Redescription of a Rare Chordate,'' Metaspriggina walcotti'' Simonetta and Insom, from the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian), British Columbia, Canada
| journal = Journal of Paleontology
| volume = 82
| issue = 2
| pages = 424–430
| doi=10.1666/06-130.1
| url=http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/extract/82/2/424 | accessdate=2009-04-28
}}</ref>

<div style="float:right; width:auto; border:solid 1px silver; padding:2px; margin:2px">
<div style="width:auto; border:solid 1px silver; padding:5px">
{{clade
|label1=[[Deuterostome]]s
|1={{clade
|1=[[Xenoturbellida]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Hemichordate]]s
|2=[[Echinoderm]]s
}}
|label2=Chordates
|2={{clade
|1=[[Cephalochordate]]s
|2={{clade
|1=[[Tunicate]]s ([[Urochordate]]s)
|2=[[Craniate]]s
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
</div>A consensus family tree of the chordates<ref name="Ruppert2005"/><ref name="Perseke2007" /></div>
The evolutionary relationships between the chordate groups and between chordates as a whole and their closest deuterostome relatives have been debated since 1890. Studies based on anatomical, [[embryology|embryological]], and paleontological data have produced different "family trees". Some closely linked chordates and hemichordates, but that idea is now rejected.<ref name="Ruppert2005" /> Combining such analyses with data from a small set of [[ribosome]] [[RNA]] genes eliminated some older ideas, but open the possibility that tunicates (urochordates) are "basal deuterostomes", surviving members of the group from which echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates evolved.<ref name="WinchellSullivanCameronSwallaMallatt2002">{{cite journal
| author=Winchell, C.J., Sullivan, J., Cameron, C.B., Swalla, B.J., and Mallatt, J.
| title=Evaluating Hypotheses of Deuterostome Phylogeny and Chordate Evolution with New LSU and SSU Ribosomal DNA Data
| journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume=19 | pages=762–776 | date= May 1, 2002 | url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/19/5/762#MBEV-19-05-09-SWALLA1
| accessdate=2008-09-23
| pmid=11961109
| issue=5
}}</ref> Some researchers believe that, within the chordates, craniates are most closely related to cephalochordates, but there are also reasons for regarding tunicates (urochordates) as craniates' closest relatives.<ref name="Ruppert2005" /><ref name="BlairHedges2005">{{cite journal
| author= Blair, J.E., and S. Blair Hedges, S.B.
| title=Molecular Phylogeny and Divergence Times of Deuterostome Animals
|
journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | year=2005 | volume=22 | issue=11 | pages=2275–2284 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msi225
| url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/11/2275 | accessdate=2008-09-23
| pmid= 16049193
}}</ref> One other phylum, [[Xenoturbellida]], appears to be basal within the deuterostomes, closer to the original deuterostomes than to the chordates, echinoderms and hemichordates.<ref name="Perseke2007">Perseke M, Hankeln T, Weich B, Fritzsch G, Stadler PF, Israelsson O, Bernhard D, Schlegel M. (2007) "The mitochondrial DNA of ''Xenoturbella bocki'': genomic architecture and phylogenetic analysis". ''Theory Biosci''. 126(1):35–42. Available online at [http://www.bioinf.uni-leipzig.de/Publications/PREPRINTS/07-009.pdf]</ref>

Since chordates have left a poor fossil record, attempts have been made to calculate the key dates in their evolution by [[molecular phylogenetics]] techniques - by analysing biochemical differences, mainly in RNA. One such study suggested deuterostomes arose before {{ma|900}} and the earliest chordates around {{ma|896}}.<ref name="BlairHedges2005"/> However, molecular estimates of dates often disagree with each other and with the fossil record,<ref name="BlairHedges2005" /> and their assumption that the [[molecular clock]] runs at a known constant rate has been challenged.<ref name="Ayala1999MolClockMirages">{{cite journal |author= Ayala, F.J.|year=1999 |title=Molecular clock mirages |journal=[[BioEssays]] |volume=21|issue=1 |pages=71–75|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/60000186/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199901)21:1<71::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-B |pmid=10070256}}</ref><ref name="SchwartzMaresca20006DoMolClocksRun">{{cite journal |author=Schwartz, J. H. and Maresca, B. |year=2006 |title=Do Molecular Clocks Run at All? A Critique of Molecular Systematics |journal=Biological Theory |volume=1 |pages=357–371|url= |doi=10.1162/biot.2006.1.4.357 |issue=4}}</ref>


== Classification ==
=== Taxonomy ===
The following schema is from the third edition of ''[[Vertebrate Palaeontology (Benton)|Vertebrate Palaeontology]]''.<ref>Benton, M.J. (2004). ''Vertebrate Palaeontology'', Third Edition. Blackwell Publishing, 472 pp. [http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/benton/vertclass.html The classification scheme is available online]</ref> The invertebrate chordate classes are from [[Fishes of the World]].<ref>
{{cite book
| author = Nelson, J. S.
| year = 2006
| title = Fishes of the World
| publisher = John Wiley and Sons, Inc
| location = New York
| edition = 4th
| pages = 601 pp.
| isbn = 0-471-25031-7
}}
</ref>
While it is structured so as to reflect evolutionary relationships (similar to a [[cladistics|cladogram]]), it also retains the traditional ranks used in [[Linnaean taxonomy]].

* '''Phylum Chordata'''
** Subphylum '''[[Urochordata|Tunicata]]''' (Urochordata) — (tunicates; 3,000 species)
***** Class '''[[Ascidiacea]]''' (sea squirts)
***** Class '''[[Thaliacea]]''' (salps)
***** Class '''[[Appendicularia]]''' (larvaceans)
***** Class '''[[Sorberacea]]'''
** Subphylum '''[[Cephalochordata]]''' (Acraniata) — (lancelets; 30 species)
***** Class '''[[Leptocardii]]''' (lancelets)
** Subphylum '''[[Vertebrata]]''' ([[Craniata]]) (vertebrates — animals with backbones; 57,674 species)
***** Class ''''[[Agnatha]]'''' [[paraphyletic]] (jawless vertebrates; 100+ species)
****** Subclass [[Myxini|Myxinoidea]] (hagfish; 65 species)
****** Subclass [[Petromyzontida]] (lampreys)
****** Subclass [[Conodonta]]†
****** Subclass '''[[Pteraspidomorphi]]''' (Paleozoic jawless fish)
******* Order [[Anaspida]]
******* Order [[Thelodonti]] (Paleozoic jawless fish)
*** Infraphylum '''[[Gnathostomata]]''' ([[jaw]]ed vertebrates)
****** Class '''[[Placodermi]]''' (Paleozoic armoured forms)
****** Class '''[[Chondrichthyes]]''' (cartilaginous fish; 900+ species)
****** Class '''[[Acanthodii]]''' (Paleozoic "spiny sharks")
****** Class '''[[Osteichthyes]]''' (bony fish; 30,000+ species)
******* Subclass '''[[Actinopterygii]]''' (ray-finned fish; about 30,000 species)
******* Subclass '''[[Sarcopterygii]]''' (lobe-finned fish: 8 species)
**** Superclass '''[[Tetrapoda]]''' (four-limbed vertebrates; 28,000+ species)
****** Class '''[[Amphibia]]''' (amphibians; 6,000 species)
****** Class '''[[Sauropsida]]''' (reptiles; 18,000+ species)
******* Subclass '''[[Anapsida]]''' (extinct "proto-reptiles" and [[turtle]]s)
******* Subclass '''[[Diapsida]]''' (majority of reptiles, progenitors of [[birds]])
******* Class '''[[Bird|Aves]]''' (birds; 8,800–10,000 species)
****** Class '''[[Synapsida]]/[[Mammal]]ia''' (mammal-like "reptiles"; 5,800+ species)

=== Phylogeny ===
{{cladogram|title= Chordates|align=left
|caption=[[Cladogram]] of the Chordate phylum. Lines show probable evolutionary relationships, including extinct taxa, which are denoted with a [[Dagger (typography)|dagger]], †. Some are invertebrates. The positions (relationships) of the Lancelet, Tunicate, and Craniata clades are as reported<ref>{{Cite pmid|18563158}}</ref> in the scientific journal [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']].
{{clade| style=font-size:95%;line-height:95%
|label1='''Chordata''' 
|1={{clade
|label1= [[Lancelet|Cephalochordata]]
|1={{clade
|1= [[Amphioxus]]
}}
|label2='''Olfactores''' 
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Tunicate|Tunicata]] 
|1={{clade
|1= [[Larvacea|Appendicularia]] (formerly [[Larvacea]])
|2= [[Thaliacea]] 
|3= [[Ascidiacea]] 
}}
|label2= [[Craniata]] 
|2={{clade
|1=[[Hagfish|Myxini]]
|label2= [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]] 
|2={{clade
|1= [[Conodont]]a†
|2= [[Cephalaspidomorphi]]†
|3= [[Hyperoartia]] (Petromyzontida)
|4= [[Pteraspidomorphi]]†
|5= [[osteostracan]]
|label5= [[Gnathostomata]] 
|5={{clade
|1= [[Placodermi]]†
|2= [[Chondrichthyes]]
|label3= [[Teleostomi]] 
|3={{clade
|1= [[Acanthodii]]†
|label2= [[Osteichthyes]] 
|2={{clade
|1= [[Actinopterygii]]
|label2= [[Sarcopterygii]] 
|2={{clade
|label1=<font color="white">void</font>
|1={{clade
|label1= [[Tetrapod]]a 
|1={{clade
|1= [[Amphibian|Amphibia]]
|label2= [[Amniote|Amniota]] 
|2={{clade
|1= [[Mammal]]ia
|label2= [[Sauropsida]] 
|2={{clade
|label1=<font color="white">void</font>
|1={{clade
|1= [[Lepidosauromorpha]] ([[lizard]]s, [[snake]]s, [[tuatara]], and their [[mosasaur|extinct relatives]])
}}
|2={{clade
|1= [[Archosauromorpha]] ([[Crurotarsi|crocodiles]], [[bird]]s, and their [[ornithodira|extinct relatives]])
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
{{clear}}

==See also==
*[[List of chordate orders]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikispecies|Chordata}}
{{Wikibooks|Dichotomous Key|Chordata}}
* [http://www.thebigger.com/section/biology/phylum-chordata/ Complete details about Phylum Chordata at thebigger.com]
* {{eol|694}}
* [http://www.globaltwitcher.com/taxa_class.asp?phylaid=1 Chordate on GlobalTwitcher.com]
* [http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 Chordate node at Tree Of Life]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=7711 Chordate node at NCBI Taxonomy]

{{Animalia}}
{{Chordata}}

[[Category:Deuterostomia]]
[[Category:Chordates| ]]
[[Category:Phyla]]

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